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Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
BP 129,
Poste Didouche Mourad, 16006, Alger, Algérie
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Tabrat n Yimedyazen
Taghmist n Tiddukla - Utt'un 14
(ddur't n 29 Ghuct gher 5 Ctember' 2003)
Zik neqqar win yebghan tamazight, ad yissin tira-s
Ass-a
neqqar win yebghan tamazight, ad tt-yaru
Tigejdit :
Azul fell-awen ay atmaten d teysetmatin |
I yettxemmimen ghef umeghbun ala kan d ameghbun am netta, wanag aâebbud' yer'wan ur yettnadi ghef win yelluz'en.
Seg wasmi ay d-yebda zzman, akka ay tlehh'u ddunit, ula d tamazight, werdjin yelha-d yid-s win izemren, wanag d wid ur nezmir
ay ixedmen fell-as yernu mazal xeddmen akken zemren. Awal yenna-t-id yiwen n umussnaw d ameqqran di tutlayt-nnegh, Salem Chaker,
ay d-yesbegnen ach'al d abrid d akken imeqqranen-nnegh ur llin d nitni ay d ssebba di tudert n tutlayt-nnegh, akken d-llan
yimeqqranen n yegduden nnid'en i tutlayin-nsen, wanag seg zzman aqdim, d iz'awaliyen-nni n wedrar yeddan h'afi ay yeddjan
tutlayt-agi ad tidir alammi ara d agh-d-teqqim ar ass-a, yernu d nitni ay ineqcen isem-is ghef wez'ru akken ad d-yeqqim later'-is
di tmurt-a. Ula asmi ay wwd'en Yimazighen n zik sâan ddewla meqqren, igelliden-nsen s tutlayt taberr'anit ay d'ebbâen idrimen-nsen,
yernu d tin ay sselmaden i warraw-nsen, ughaf ad asen-teâreq tmusni. Tessawed'-agh tegnit, akken t-id-yenna Chaker, alammi
ay nughal d wid yettcan times ghef lehmum merr'a n ddunit, ala kan wigad-nnegh, nekkat, nettawi-d i wiyad', ceghben-agh yigheblan
n wiyad' kter' n wakken ay ten-ceghben nitni, nelha-d d wuguren-nsen alammi ay nettu wid-nnegh ... nagh yeqqar-as wanzi ghur-negh
: imawlan s'ebren, imâezzan kefr'en. Yewwi-yagh wasif d asawen. Dda Lmulud d wid ay t-yezwaren akk d wid ay t-id-id'efren,
yiwen deg-sen ur yesâi amkan di ddewla wala amkan izaden di tmetti. D iz'awaliyen ay d-tr'ebba lmeh'na, ay d-ir'ebba wegdud,
kkren-d s tutlayt n wegdud yernu d tin ay wwin deg wulawen-nsen, fkan ah'ric meqqren di tudert-nsen akken ad as-rren lxir.
Ma d wigi umi nessemghar ass-a ismawen, ama d igelliden negh d imassanen, llan wata's deg-sen, tidet ad tt-id-nini, ur izad
wacu xedmen, ur yelli d acu s-d-wwin i tutlayt-nnegh. Ma wwin cciâa deg wayen nnid'en, nesteâr'ef yis-sen, ur nelli d ikeddaben
wala d ih'essaden, ur nettbeddil amezruy : yal yiwen ayen yuklal ad t-yawi. D acu kan, akken ad asen-ncuff aqendur, ad d-nini
nefâen tamazight yili nitni kkan tudert-nsen merr'a qqnen allen-nsen fell-as, anect-a ur nettazmar ad t-nexdem, neghmulac
nekcem di tkerkas akk d ubeddel n umezruy. Ass-a ilaq ad d-naki, ad nefk abeqqa i yiman-nnegh, u ad nz'er lumur' akken llant.
Ma newwet-d deg wa negh deg wadi ghef tiddjin ay yeddja tamazight ur yelli d ankar' ay t-nenker' wala d taâdawt ay nebgha
ad tt-id-nessker wagar-anegh. Taswiât maci i teâdawt, aql-agh a d-nettwat si yal tama yernu tewwi-d ad neddukel, ur d agh-td'erru
ara akken yeqqar wanzi : "Lqella n watmaten yerna iâdawen". Wanag ma newwet-d deg yimeqqranen-nnegh, ama d wid n yid'elli
negh d wid n wass-a, iswi-nnegh d asseqcer i lmend n h'ellu, maci d asseqcer i lmend n bett'u. Ur yettazmar ara wabâad' ad
is'eggem ma ur yez'ri ara d acu-ten leâyub-is, dgha tewwi-d ass-a ad d-nebder ayen yellan deg-negh d iri-t akken ad nz'er
amek ara t-nbeddel, yernu tidet ilaq ad tt-neqbel akken yebghu yili-tt. Qqaren-as wid ay ifehmen : "Ttif tidet isseqrah'en
wala lekdeb yessefr'ah'en". Ma d wid ur nefhim, siwel-asen-d tidet negh qqim, ssefhem s leâqel negh s udebbuz, ala lefhama
ur fehhmen ara. Yir asghar ndjer negh qqim, yir aghyul wwet negh qqim, yir lâebd nder' negh qqim. Anef ihi ad d-nessukkes,
ad d-nessaki meqqar wid yettwalin tidet s udem, wid ay tt-iqebblen ula ghef yiman-nsen, ala d wid-nni ay izemren ad d-ughalen
s abrid u ad d-rren wiyad' s abrid. Ass-a, ma nenna-d d akken tamazight d tagujilt, attan d tagujilt s tidet, xas akken imawlan-is
llan. D acu kan, nettwali d akken win yellan d agujil imawlan-is llan yif-it win ay ten-yesr'uh'en, meqqar winna ihenna, yuyes,
ma d win yeggujlen imawlan-is llan, rrbeh' yezmer ad yili, ma d netta ur t-yettawed'. Nagh qqaren-as "agujil r'ebban leâmum,
rrbeh' ur t-inum". Ihi ass-a aql-agh nettwali, tamazight tesâa imawlan yesâan imukan akk d ttawil, maca yiwen deg-sen ur d-icliâ,
yiwen ur d-itecced' ad d-yefk kra i tmazight. Xas tutlayt-nnegh tettcur' d arraw-is, ted'ra-yas akken i s-yeqqar wanzi : ay
urwegh d way urwegh, taswiât ad mmtegh d amengur ! Akka digh, at'as ay d-turew tmazight, taggara ur ten-tufi ara. D acu kan,
nettwali d akken ass-a yewwed'-d wakud i deg ara d asen-nd'egger lmezga i "yimeqqranen-nnegh", i wat tezmert d tedrimt, i
wat yimukan d ttawil, i wat cciâa d yismawen, imi at'as aya ay ten-tettr'adju tmazight, nitni ur d as-d-gin acemma. Yewwed'-d
wakud i deg ara d asen-nd'egger lmezga u ad nesteâr'ef s tidet, tamazight akken d-tebda zik-nni ara tkemmel ass-a : d iz'awaliyen
kan ara tt-irefden. Iz'awaliyen n zik uran tamazight ghef wez'ru di lweqt i deg imassanen-nnegh n zik, am wid n wass-a, werdjin
tt-urin ghef lkaghed', d acu kan, az'ru yerna lkaghed', d win ay d-iqqimen ar ass-a.
IMEDYAZEN
TIBRATIN-NWEN
Karim Ousad, Paris, Fr'ansa :
Azul fell-awen,
D tikkelt tamazwarut [i deg ara] arugh s tamazigh ! D ayen ssarmagh ay txedmem ! Ihi z'ret belli aql-iyi,
aql-agh d izumal yid-wen. Tanemmirt ghef wayen txeddmem. Ayen akken i yes lligh ttargugh kenwi txedmem-t deg wennar. D imagraden
ghef uxemmem ghef temsal imeânen akk d yimagraden n tghamsa i ghef d-tettawim awal, i ghef ay d-tewwi ad d-nawi awal, yernu
anect-a akk yura s TMAZIGHT ! Dgha aql-i ddigh yid-wen akken ilaq : ulac d acu umi yenfeâ wawal az'idan akk d westeâr'ef s
tmazight di tsuda (institutions) ma yella ur nxeddem acemma akken ad tt-nesnerni negh, meqqar, akken ad neh'rez tigemmi (patrimoine)
n lejdud-nnegh. Imeddukal-iw d wid ay d i-ittilin umi nnigh acimi ur sselmaden ara tamazight i warraw-nsen, ach'al d abrid
ay d iyi-d-nnan awalen yecban wigi : "maci d tamazight ara d agh-yawin s aggur", negh "maci d tamazight ara d agh-yeccettcen
aghrum" negh bitt "maci d tamazight ara d agh-yawin gher Ldjennet !" (...)
Tiririt : azul fell-ak a gma âzizen. Tabrat-ik tessefr'eh'-anegh maci d kra yernu nefr'eh' imi ay yebda
wawal-nnegh a yettâeddi, yewwed' atmaten-nnegh di Tmazgha am wakken ay ten-yewwed ula gher lgherba. Nessaram d akken aghmis-nnegh
d win ara yessiwd'en ad d-yejmeâ akk Imazighen yettarun tamazight u ad yesdukel ighallen-nsen akken ad nbeddel yir tagnit-agi
i deg tettidir tmazight ncalleh. Ass-a, ilaq ad nz'er d akken llant at'as n tekta (idées) i yes ttamnen akk medden yili nitenti
d tikta ur ns'ehh'a ara. Awal nenna-t-id ach'al d abrid a gma, u tennid'-t-id kettcini di tebrat-yinek : awal az'idan akk
d yiberrih'en (slogans) akken ad tekcem tmazight di tmend'awt (constitution) ur nfiâen, ur neffâen sya ar sdat ma mazal-anegh
nettaddja tamazight, ula deg yexxamen-nnegh ur tt-nesseqdac ara. Atan nefka-d ach'al d amedya (exemple) deg weghmis-nnegh
: tirlandit yellan d tutlayt tamens'abt n Irland yernu ker'hen-tt yelmez'yen n tmurt-is, takirgizit yellan d tutlayt tamenzut
di Kirgizistan yernu d tutlayt n umennekcam arusi n yid'elli ay s-yekksen cciâa ... Ula d nekni, neqqen allen-nnegh ghef yexxamen-nnegh,
a nessutur tighawsiwin werâad ur tent-nefhim ula d lefhama akken ilaq lh'al : axxam-is ur d as-yezmir, ldjameâ yett'ef-as
amezzir. Ma d wigi yettwalin d akken maci d tamazight ara ten-yessalin s aggur, ilaq ad z'ren d akken ayen ara d-rebh'en ala
kan d ankar' n las'el, wanag tamsalt n walluy gher waggur maci di tutlayt ay tella, attan deg wayen nnid'en. Wigi yettwalin
d akken ma mmeslayen taglizit, ad ughalen d imassanen, gheld'en, acku win ixuss'en lefhama, ma yehwa-yas ad igher ayen i s-yehwan,
anda ay s-yehwa, ur d-iteffegh deg-s wacemma, wanag win ih'er'cen, xas ma yekker-d s tutlayt ur nettaru ara, yezmer ad yughal
d ameqqran deg yimassanen, maci d tutlayt-nni i yes d-yekker ara d as-yekksen anect-a. Imtellegh (idiot) yettili ula di tmura
i deg ghran akk medden, ma d uh'r'ic yezmer ad d-yekker ula di tmurt i deg yiwen ur yeghri. At'as deg-negh nekni tiyemmatin-nnegh
d yibabaten-nnegh ur ghrin, ur ssinen d acu ay d agherbaz, ssekren-agh-d s tutlayt-nnegh, r'ebban-agh-d s nnif n R'ebbi akk
d tnes'lit, yernu aql-agh neffegh-d d imassanen, d aggagen, d imejjayen, d iselmaden, d ijenyur'en, d ineghmasen, d inemhalen
d wayen nnid'en. Maci d taqbaylit ay d agh-ih'err'men si rrbeh' negh tekkes-agh imukan di tmetti. Ass-a, at'as n yemdanen
ay izedghen di tmura-yagi "yewwd'en s aggur", a ttnadin ad slemden i yigerdan-nsen tutlayin-nsen tines'liyin. It'erkiyen di
Lalman sselmaden i warraw-nsen tat'erkit deg yigherbazen almaniyen, igherbazen n taâr'abt llan di tmura akk n Tur'uft, Uwadayen
n ddunit merr'a sselmaden i warraw-nsen taâebrit xas ulamma tutlayt-a ala kan di Israel ay tt-ttmeslayen ... ghef wakken nettwali
ala kan d Imazighen-nnegh ay ih'eqren tutlayt-nsen. D acu kan, nessaram d akken wigi ad d-yawed' wass i deg ara d-akin u ad
akin i twaghit i gher teddun. Neghmulac d arraw-nsen ara ih'ulfun i nndama asmi ara imghuren, akken d-ttcetkin ass-a wat'as
n warraw n yiminigen ara yessed'lamen imawlan-nsen imi ur d asen-slemden ara tamazight, d acu kan, at'as deg-sen ad ten-id-yaf
lh'al ass-nni ifat-iten welmad n tmazight, imi ass-n yezmer lh'al ad ilin nitni s timmad-nsen sâan arraw-nsen yernu ur ttazmaren
ad asen-slemden tutlayt n lejdud ma yella nitni yiwen ur d asen-tt-isselmed. Tagnit attan a tteddu gher wegrireb, yernu yewwed'-d
wakud ad neh'bes anect-a. (...).
Tanemmirt. Sghur Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen.
Tasertit* n tutlayin di Ist'unya : d leqdic iteddun gher sdat
*politique
Sghur n Mart Rannut
Tasdawit n usselmed n Talinn
[Aqeddem : amagrad ay d awen-d-newwi ass-a d win ay d-yettmeslayen ghef tutlayt tist'unit, d tutlayt taghelnawt
n tmurt n Ist'unya. Tamurt-a ay d-yuzgan di Tur'uft n Ugafa (Europe du Nord), teqreb gher Rusya yernu tella d yiwet si tegdudyin
tiqburin n Tdukli Tasuvyatit (Union soviétique), am Litwanya akk d Kirgizistan i ghef ay d-newwi awal yagi. Is'tunya d yiwet
si tmura tibaltiyin, meh'sub d tamurt ay d-yuzgan ghef yilel Abalti (mer baltique), yernu am nettat, am Litwanya akk d Litt'unya,
tekcem-itent Tdukli Tasivyatit di 1940, u terra-tent tamara d ah'ric si tmurt-agi tameqqrant, alammi d 1991, asmi ay tewwi
Ist'unya azarug-is (indépendance). Di tallit-nni n lbat'el ghezzifen ay tesâedda Ist'unya, tughal tist'unit, tutlayt n yimawlan
n tmurt, d tutlayt ur nesâi azal sdat n tutlayt tarusit ay d-th'ettem fell-asen Musku. Yugh lh'al, Irusiyen, xas ulamma "ttqadaren"
igduden yellan ttidiren di Tdukli Tasuvyatit, llan ttwalin iman-nsen d nitni ay ten-yifen merr'a, d idles-nsen ay yernan win
n tdersiyin nnid'en (minorités) yernu d tutlayt-nsen ay ilaqen ad tt-lemden akk yegduden isuvyatiyen nnid'en. S wanect-a,
Irusiyen yettidiren di Ist'unya werdjin walan iman-nsen terra-ten tmara ad lemden tutlayt tist'unit, wanag ttwalin d akken
d imawlan n tmurt ay d-tewwi ad lemden tutlayt-nsen. Yughal bab n yiger d akli. D acu kan, ddunit ttetti, tettemtetti, idewwer'-d
zzman i deg d as-d-yughal uzarug-is i Ist'unya, yernu yughal-as-d wemkan-is i tutlayt tist'unit. Ass-a, mi akka ay d-teffegh
Ist'unya seg ujeghlal-nni i deg tella zik-nni, tezzi udem-is gher Tur'uft tutrimt (tagherbit) akken ad tesnerni tadamsa-yines,
dgha anect-a yeddja-tt ad tesnerni ula d tutlayt-is, tutlayt tist'unit i yes tteddu tmurt, akken ad tqabel Ist'unya tallit
n wass-a. D anect-a ay ibeddlen zzman ghef Yirusiyen yettidiren di Ist'unya. Assemgher ay ssemgharen iman-nsen ghef tist'unit
tura yexsi, tarusit-nni-nsen ay llan ttwalin-tt tif tist'unit tughal ur teswi ara di tegduda-yagi tamaynut, dgha tewwi-d fell-asen
ass-a, ma bghan ad ttekkin ula d nitni di tmurt-a, ur ten-yettara ara zzman di rrif, tewwi-d fell-asen ad lemden tist'unit,
d tin kan ara d asen-yessifessen tudert di tmurt-a n yimawlan-is. D acu kan, akken digh ad tettwaqbel Ist'unya di terbaât-agi
n tmura n Tur'uft wukud tebgha ad tettekki, tewwi-d fell-as ula d nettat ad tqader izerfan n wemdan d yizerfan n tutlayin
ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-is, dgha amagrad-agi ad agh-yeddj ad nz'er amek ay tqeddec Ist'unya akken ad as-d-terr azal-is i tutlayt
taghelnawt n tmurt, d wamek ara tqeddec digh akken ad teâdel ger n tutlayin nnid'en merr'a ay ttmeslayen di tmurt-a. Afud
igerrzen]
Tagnit :
Ger n yiseggasen n 1940 d 1991, d Tadukli Tasuvyatit ay yett'fen Ist'unya, ala kan ger n yiseggasen 1941
d 1944, asmi ay d-kecmen Yinaziyen n Lalman gher tmurt-a. D acu kan, asmi ay tebda thezzel (affaiblir) Tdukli Tasuvyatit,
yebda leh'kem yettbeddil afus di tmura ay teh'kem tneggarut-agi, yernu tisertiyin tisuvyatiyin n peristroika* akk d glasnost*
snernant ifadden i yegduden isuvyatiyen akken ad ssutren ugar n tlelli. Dgha yessawed' wanect-a gher ghellu n Tdukli Tasuvyatit
di 1991 yernu yughal-as-d uzarug-is (indépedance) i Ist'unya i deg ay beddlent tzemmar ih'ekmen tamurt.
[*Perestroika : D tasertit ay d-yessebded uselway asuvyati, Mixail Gorbatcev, akken ad yeg tisemmeskal (réformes)
i udabu asuvyati, i tdamsa n tmurt akken ad nnernint, yernu digh i lmend n ubeddel n wamek ttxemmimen Yisuvyatiyen akken ad
zemren ad snernin tamurt-nsen.
*Glasnost : d tasertit n tallit n perestroika ay d-yessebded digh Gorbatcev akken ad yerr yis-s kra n wayen
xeddmen yemd'ebbren isuvyatiyen d afrawan (transparent), yezmer ad t-iz'er wegdud.].
Yugh lh'al, abeddel ameqqran am wa [ay d-yeghlin deg yiwet kan n teswiât], yella yewâer' ghef Ist'unya ad
tagh yid-s tanumi. Dgha abeddel-agi yemxallaf wamek ay ih'uza imezdaghen n Ist'unya akken mxallafent tmiwa (tamaneght n tmurt
Talinn akk d Ugafa agmud'an -nord-est n tmurt) d wakken mxallafen digh yinurar n leqdic di tmurt (ghef umedya : tibankiwin
-banques- ma nquren-itent gher leqdic deg yemghizen -mines), yernu yemxallaf digh wamek ay ih'uza ubeddel-agi igduden yemxallafen
yettidiren di Ist'unta, am Yist'uniyen akk d Yirusiyen. Di âecr'a n yiseggasen-agi ineggura, tisnaddanin (statistiques) n
yimezdaghen n Ist'unya beddlent at'as u yennerna citt' wanect ay yellan n Yist'uniyen di tmurt-nsen [ugar n wanect ay nnernan
yegduden nnid'en yettidiren di Ist'unya]. D acu kan, addun (recensement) n useggas n 2000 yesskan-d d akken igduden merr'a
n Ist'unya neqsen ghef wakken llan zik-nni. Dgha mbeâd tella Ist'unya tesâa 1.565.000 n yimezdaghen, tughal deg useggas n
2000 tesâa kan 1.361.000 n yimezdaghen, yernu wid ur nelli ara d Ist'uniyen di tmurt-a neqsen-d gher 459.000 n yemdanen (32,1
% seg yimezdaghen n tmurt). Ma d Irusiyen n Ist'unya neqsen s 25 %. Tugh, ayen akk yessawd'en s anect-a, netta d addukel n
ssebbat yemxallafen, gar-asent tuffgha n wat'as n yimezdaghen gher lberr'ani, anqas ay neqsen wid ay d-yettlalen akk d unnerni
d wanqas n yegduden yemxallafen yettidiren di tmurt-a.
D acu kan, ayen igan amgerrad-agi (lxilaf) ger yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a d tutlayt tayemmat, maci d
ayen nnid'en, imi tutlayt d nettat ay yettaken azal i wemdan di Ist'inya n wass-a. Dgha d tutlayt ay d-yellan d abrid i seg
ay d-tewwi ghef wemdan ad iâeddi akken ad yawed' gher rrbeh' u ad yesâu azal di tmetti, yernu d tin ay yettaldin tiwwura i
wemdan akken ad yili d win ara yafen iman-is ama seg yidis n uxeddim, ama seg yidis n tedrimt. Di tallit tasuvyatit, yeqdec
udabu akken ad yerr tarusit d nettat kan ay d tutlayt i yes tlehh'u tmurt, dgha ass-a, mi akka ay tewwi Ist'unya azarug-is,
anect-a yexleq-d uguren i wid yessnen kan tutlayt tarusit. Nnig waya, yed'fer digh udabu arusi yiwet n tsertit n usselmed
ay yesseqdec kan di Ist'unya, d tin n usseqdec n trusit akk d tist'unit d tutlayin n usselmed, d acu kan, yal yiwet deg-sen
qqaren-tt kan deg yigherbazen-is, dgha d anect-nni digh ay yessawd'en ad d-yexleq snat n trebbaâ yeghran, d acu kan, ur zmirent
ara ad msefhament wagar-asent imi ur ttmeslayent yiwet n tutlayt, ur sâint yiwen n yedles. Dgha d anect-nni ay yessawd'en
ad tughal tmetti tist'unit akken tella ass-a am wakken ay d-llant digh wat'as n ssebbat nnid'en ay yesmeghren amgerrad ger
n snat-agi n trebbaâ :
Timiwa i deg tettidir yal tarbaât : Wid yettmeslayen tarusit, tudet deg-sen d arraw n wid ay d-yunagen gher
Ist'unya si tmiwa nnid'en n Tdukli Tasuvyatit yernu amur meqqren deg-sen di temdinin ay ttidiren negh di tmiwa n Ugafa agmud'an
(nord-est) n Ist'unya. At'as seg-sen ay yettidiren di Tallinn [tamaneght n tmurt] akk d tmiwa ay d-yezzin fell-as (Harjumaa),
u llant tirebbaâ nnid'en timect'ah' seg wid yettmeslayen tarusit, ttidiren di tmiwa nnid'en, d acu kan, 90% seg-sen di temdinin
ay zedghen yernu anect-a yennerna seg wasmi ay ffghen yiserdasen Isuvyatiyen (sakin Irusiyen) si Ist'unya.
Inurar n leqdic i deg txeddem yal tarbaât : di tallit n perestroika, Irusiyen n Ist'unya llan qeddcen di
tkebbaniyin yettaghen, znuzuyent, llan ssekcamen-d u ssuffughen sselâa si Ist'unya, am wakken ay llan qeddcen di tkebbaniyin
tisuvyatiyin tiqburin ay yughalen ur a d-ssekcament ara at'as imir-n. Nnig waya, llan Yirusiyen-agi digh mazal-iten tteklen
ghef leânaya n unabad' (gouvernement) n Musku, xas ulamma aneggaru-ya ur d-iqqim wara wayen ay yella yezmer ad asen-t-yeg
akken ad ten-iâiwen asmi tebda tettbeddil tegnit yernu tella tteddu Tdukli Tasuvyatit akken ad teghli. Anect-a yessehzel (affaiblir)
mlih' tanezzawt-nsen (commerce) akk d Rusya, yernu ayen akken d-xeddmen teghli yis-s ula di Ist'unya, ur yezmir ad yenz am
zik di tmurt-a i gher d-tekcem tdamsa tamaynut, d anect-nni ay tessawd'en Irusiyen n Ist'unya ad ughalen di rrif seg yidis
n tdamsa u ad ttwaâezlen di tmurt-a. Nnig waya, yiwet si ssebbat meqqren ay yessawd'en digh Irusiyen ad ghlin di Ist'unya
nettat d lqella n tmusni n tutlayt tist'unit ghur-sen, dgha d anect-nni ay sen-ireglen abrid akken ad znuzuyen u ad ttaghen
akk d Yist'uniyen, am wakken digh lqella n tmusni-nsen di tutlayin tiberr'aniyin tkemmel-asen, imi anect-a yerra-ten ur zmiren
ad sseftin (investir) idrimen di lberr'ani, ur tezmir ad ten-id-ts'ah' tallalt taberr'anit. Dgha yughal win yebghan ad t-id-is'ah'
leqdic, tewwi-d fell-as ad yissin mlih' tutlayin nnid'en menghir tarusit.
Tasertit n tutlayin :
Tasertit n tutlayin ay d-tewwi Ist'unya di âecr'a n yiseggasen-agi ineggura nezmer ad tt-nebd'u ghef tlata
n talliyin, ghef leh'sab n wemxallef ay mxallafen yeswiyen (buts) imeqqranen n Ist'unya di yal tallit. Tallit tamenzut tebda-d
di tgara n yiseggasen n 1980 akk d tezwara n yiseggasen n 1990, asmi ay d-xelqent tsertiyin n glasnost akk d perestroika tagnit
i deg ara d as-d-yughal uzarug-is i Ist'unya di 1991. Tallit tis snat tebda-d asmi ay yefren wegdud ist'uni tamend'awt (constition)
tamaynut n tmurt-is di 1992, dgha ayen ay d-yeddan di tmend'awt-a (lebni n tmurt, ah'raz n yizerfan n wemdan, atg.) d ayen
ay d-icerd'en ghef Ist'unya ad d-tessebded tasertit n tutlayin d tamaynut yernu telha. Yugh lh'al, simmal yettadjhad uzarug
(souverainenté) n Ist'unya, simmal tqeddec deg yinurar n tugdut, n tdamsa, n tedrimt akk d laman akken ad tekcem gher terbaât
n tmura tutrimin (tigherbiyin) u ad taf iman-is gar-asent. Di tgara n yiseggasen n 1990, d anect-a dgha ay yughalen d iswi
ameqqran n Ist'unya ay yeddjan timsal nnid'en n tmetti ur nesâi ara azal meqqren, yernu abeddel-agi meqqren di tghawsiwin
n tmurt d ayen ara d agh-yeddjen ad d-nini d akken yeldi-yas tawwurt i yiwet n tallit d tamaynut di tsertit n tutlayin n Ist'unya,
d tin ay d tallit tis tlata.
Tinwit (amendement) n tmend'awt ay yerran tutlayt tist'unit d tutlayt taghelnawt di Ist'unya d tin ay d-sbedden
deg wass n 6 Dujember' 1988, di tallit i deg mazal Ist'unya d tigdida di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Ma deg wass n 18 Yennayer 1989,
tlata n yiseggasen uqbel ma tewwi azarug-is, yessebded-d usuvyat ameqqran n Ist'unya yiwen n usad'uf (lqanun) amaynut ghef
tutlayin, d asad'uf ay d-yellan kan si leâd'il, akken ad tesâeddi yis-s Ist'unya tallit n ubeddel. Xas ulamma di tallit-nni
n unnefsusi wid yebghan ad tawi tmurt-nsen azarug fur'sen tagnit rran tist'unit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamens'abt tawh'idt
di Ist'unya, iswi n wanect-a di tidet netta d asnerni n wazal n tutlayt tist'unit akken ad tughal am nettat am trusit di tegduda-yagi
yellan tettidir ussan-is ineggura di Tdukli Tasuvyatit. Dgha yecred'-d usad'uf-nni amaynut d akken kra n yiqeddacen iqeddcen
di kra n yinurar tewwi-d fell-asen ad issinen mlih' ama d tist'unit, ama d tarusit, u ma yessen yiwen 800 kan n wawalen, anect-a
yezmer ad t-iqam akken ad tt-isellek. Yugh lh'al, mi iga unabad' ist'uni aya, yella yessaram ad yefru ugur-nni i deg tarbaât
yeghran s tist'unit ur tezmir ara ad temsefham d tin yeghran s trusit yernu akken ad yessiwed' leqdic-agi s iswi-yines, yefka
unabad' (gouvernement) ist'uni r'ebâa n yiseggasen i yiman-is i deg yessefra ad yesselh'u tamurt am wakka, s snat n tutlayin
alamma d 1 Fur'ar 1993, d acu kan, ikemmel iqeddec unabad' s usad'uf-agi alammi d 1995, asmi ay yefren asad'uf amaynut n tutlayin.
Imi di tallit-agi tamenzut, ayen iceghben Ist'uniyen netta d az'ayer (staut) n tist'unit di tmurt-is sdat
n tutlayt tarusit ay idjehden, timsal yeqqnen s asnerni n tutlayt tist'unit akk d usselmed-ines llan twalin-tent imir-n ur
sâint azal meqqren. Asadu'f n 1989 yessedjhed-as amkan-is i tist'unit ay yettusemman d tutlayt tamens'abt n ddewla, nnig waya,
rnan Yist'uniyen gan-d isud'af imect'ah' nnid'en s idis n usad'uf-a ameqqran akken ad rnun ad h'erzen amkan n tutlayt-nsen
u ad tt-rren d nettat ay d tutlayt yernan akk tutlayin nnid'en n Ist'unya, ladgha tarusit. Asad'uf n 1989 yeddja digh ad d-nnulfun
ttawilat n teghwalt (communications) yesseqdacen tist'unit, akken ad yeddj Ist'uniyen ad ttemselghun
(communiquer) s tutlayt-nsen.
D acu kan, asad'uf-agi yefka-yas izerfan-is digh i yal aterras (individu) di tmurt, ladgha i wid ur nettmeslay
ara tist'unit, dgha ughalen wigi ttalasen ur sseqdacen ara tist'unit akk d ddewla yernu zemren ad d-xedmen lekwaghed'-nsen
s trusit. Amagrad wis 3 n usad'uf-agi yeqqar-d d akken (t)aterras(t) ur nettmeslay ara tist'unit yettalas/tettalas ad yesselh'u/tesselh'u
lumur'-is s trusit di tsuda (institutions) n ddewla akk d unabad', akk d tsuda, tikebbaniyin d tuddsiwin (organisations) n
Tegduda Tanemlayt Tasuvyatit n Ist'unya. Asad'uf-agi yeddja digh ula d asselmed s tutlayt tarusit ad ikemmel, dgha nezmer
ad d-nini d akken asad'uf-a yeh'rez tarusit u yefka-yas tamkant i yiman-is di tmurt n Ist'unya, d acu kan, yesselha digh s
wat'as amkan n tutlayt tist'unit.
Yella-d digh di tallit-nni usad'uf i lmend n weh'raz n tdersiyin (minorités) nnid'en, dgha d anect-nni ara
tent-yeddjen ad sâunt igherbazen s tutlayinnsent. Asadu'f-agi yeddja digh ad d-ilin wahilen (programmes) n rr'adyu d tilibizyu
s tutlayin n tdersiyin timect'ah' n Ist'unya u ad d-ilint ula d tisuda akk d trebbaâ tidelsanin ara iqedcen i lmend n weh'raz
n yedles n yegduden-agi. Asadu'f-agi d win ay d-yewwin abaghur (lfayda) meqqren i yegduden nnid'en imect'ah' nnid'en n Ist'unya,
menghir Irusiyen, imi igduden-a werdjin sâin izerfan idelsanen di tallit tasuvyatit. Asad'uf-agi ihi yeddja tidersiyin timect'ah'
(ad âiwdent) ad ldint igherbazen akk d tdusa-nsent, yernu i tikkelt tamenzut deg umezruy, yesteâr'ef unabad' ist'uni s tdersiyin
timect'ah' nnid'en akken ay yesteâr'ef s Yirusiyen, dgha yeâdel ger n yegduden merr'a yettidiren di tmurt-is yernu yefka-yasen
llsas ibedden ghef usad'uf (lqanun) akken ad snernin iman-nsen (ghef umedya ughalen merr'a ttalasen ad sseghren igerdan-nsen
s tutlayin-nsen).
Ughalen ihi Yirusiyen ttalasen kan ad sqedcen tutlayt-nsen deg wayen h'wadjen, am nitni am yegduden nnid'en
di Ist'unya, yernu anect-a yekkes seg wallaghen n medden tikta-nni n tesnakta (idéologie) ay yettwalin d akken d tarusit ay
ilaqen ad tili d tutlayt i yes ara ttemsefhamen yegduden wagar-asen negh digh, takti-nni ay yettwalin d akken tidersiyin nnid'en
tewwi-d ad ttmeslayent ddjent akk tutlayin-nsent akken ad ttmeslayent tarusit, d tikta i yes yella iqeddec zik unabad' asuvyati.
D acu kan, xas tenqes tezmert n trusit di Ist'unya, mazal sâan Yirusiyen di tmurt-a izerfan i yes ifen tidersiyin nnid'en
di tmurt-a.
Yugh lh'al, lemmer ad nughal gher tidet, asad'uf n tutlayin n 1989 ur d-igli ara s ubeddel ameqqran di tegnit
i deg llant tutlayin uqbel n yimir-n, wanag yeddja tagnit akken tella u yed'men-asen kan i yegduden n tmurt ad lemmden tutlayin-nsen
deg ugherbaz, am wakken ara tesâu tist'unit az'ayer âlayen gher Yist'uniyen u ad tesâu trusit az'ayer âlayen gher Yirusiyen.
Asadu'f n tutlayin n 1989 yefka-yas i tist'unit az'ayer n tutlayt taghelnawt, d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tedbelt (administration)
yernu d tin i yes ara yettmeslay weh'ric meqqren di tmetti, xas ulamma nettat deg wennar, yerra-tt umezruy d tutlayt tameddarsut
(minoritaires) di tmurt-is, imi di tilawt (en réalité). Dgha xas tughal tist'unit d tutlayt taghelnawt, maci d nettat ay d
tutlayt ay izerâen mlih' di tmurt, maci d nettat ay fehhmen akk medden : di lweqt i deg amur meqqren seg yimezdaghen n Ist'unya
zemren ad tt-sellken s trusit, ala kan amur amect'uh' seg yimezdaghen n Ist'unya ur nelli ara d Ist'uniyen ay yessnen tist'unit
akken ilaq.
Dgha assebded n usad'uf-agi yeldi-d tiwwura akken ad beddlent tzemmar n tmurt ifassen, u ad d-yeglu wanect-a
s tlalit n tedghert (élite) tamaynut di Ist'unya. Nnig waya, imi ulac at'as n tghawsiwin ay ibeddlen ghef wid yettmeslayen
tarusit di tmurt-a (imi tamusni n tist'unit tettwacred'-d kan seg weh'ric amect'uh' seg-sen), tkemmel lqella n wemsefham ger
n Yist'uniyen akk d Yirusiyen, yernu anect-a yegla-d s wuguren nnid'en ay yeldin tiwwura i tmura tiberr'aniyin akken ad d-grent
iman-nsent di tghawsiwin n tidaxliyin n Ist'unya. Imi ahilen (programmes) n unabad' n yimir-n ssulin kan leh'sabat-nsen gher
lqerb di lweqt i deg ddjan timsal i ghef ilaq ad ssalin leh'sabat gher lbeâd, am usselmed akk d unekcum n tmurt di trebbaâ
tigraghlanin, th'ulfa Ist'unya d akken tewwi-d fell-as, di tegnit-agi n wuguren ay d-ilulen, ad teg ah'urif nnid'en yifen
amenzu-nni akken ad tesselhu tagnit n tutlayin di Ist'unya.
Akken ad tessiwed' Ist'unya s iswiyen-yines deg wayen yerzan asad'uf-nni n tutlayin, tessebded-d ach'al
n tsuda di tedbelt (administration). Akken ad d-yelhu unabad' d usselmed n tist'unit i Yirusiyen imeqqranen yettidiren di
Ist'unya, yessebded-d, s yiwen n usad'uf deg wass n 13 Meghres 1989, yiwen n useqqamu d uslig (spécial) umi isemma Ammas n
Tutlayt Tist'unit. Ma deg wass n 31 Meghres 1989, terna tessebded-d Ist'unya Aseqqamu n Weh'raz n Tutlayt. Asmi ay d-yelfa
d akken aseqqamu-ya ur d-yewwi ara abaghur (lfayda) deg wayen yerzan asnas (application) n usad'uf-nni n tutlayin, yessebded-d
unabad' deg wass n 23 Nwember' 1990, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taghelnawt, i lmend n waya. Yughal Useqqamu-yagi d udus (organisme)
ameqqran akk di tmurt ay d-yelhan d tghawsiwin n tutlayt di Ist'unya, dgha yelha-d s umata d temsal n usseqdec n tutlayt tist'unit
di Ist'unya akk d usselmed-ines s yisem-is d tutlayt tayemmat negh d tutlayt tis snat i yimezdaghen n Ist'unya, am wakken
digh ay yettâawan Useqqamu n Tutlayt Taghelnawt tutlayin timeddursa nnid'en u yelha-d d wasnas n yisud'af ay tent-yerzan.
Iswiyen imeqqranen n Useqqamu-yagi nitni d assebded n tsertiyin n tutlayt akk d yighawasen (plans) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt,
u yekcem deg waya wed'far n wesnas n Usad'uf n Tutlayin, asselhu n tarrayin (méthodes) n usselmed, ad'far leqdicat yeqqnen
gher tmawalt (léxique) d yismawen usligen (noms propres) akk d yed'far n leqdicat yeqqnen gher tesnilsit tamettit (sociolinguiste).
D acu kan, di 1997, yughal Useqqamu-yagi d udus kan yettqaraâen ma yella iteddu mlih' leqdic ghef tutlayt negh ala.
Di Yulyu n 1993, yessebded-d uselway n Ist'unya Lennart Meri ayen umi isemma Tadabut Timdewwer't n Uselway
(Table Ronde Présidentielle), d agraw ameghlal (permanent) i deg ay d-ttemlilin yigensasen (représentants) n tdersiyin n tmurt
d wid ur nesâi ara taghlent (nationalité) tist'unit akk d yimaslad'en n wemni (membres du parlement) n Ist'unya i lmend n
wembaddel n ler'yuy akk d ussenqes n teâdawt ger n trebbaâ tisertiyin yemxallafen n yegduden yettidiren di tmurt-a.
Tighawsiwin yelhan akk d tid n d iri i yes d-yegla usad'uf n tutlayin amezwaru d tid ay yughalen ttwad'farent
s lqerb. Asmi ay walan Yist'uniyen d akken tallit n uâeddi si tegnit gher tayed' deg wayen yerzan tutlayin tfuk, yernu assebded
n tmend'awt tist'unit tamaynut di 1992 yecred'-d ad tbeddel tegnit n tutlayin di Ist'unya, âezmen ihi Yist'uniyen ad d-sbedden
asad'uf n tutlayin amaynut ara d-yemyezgen d tallit-agi ay d-ikecmen. I lmend n waya, âawden ssulin Yist'uniyen leh'sabat-nsen
deg wayen yerzan amek ara ssemyezwaren iswiyen-nsen deg wayen yerzan tasertit-nsen n tutlayin, dgha imi iswi n Ist'unya n
yimir-n netta d lebni n tmurt i uzekka, fernen yemd'ebbren ad as-fken i tmurt yiwet kan n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaghen-is,
d tin i yes ara tebnu tmurt, dgha rran tist'unit d tutlayt tamenzut i wid yettmeslayen tist'unit yernu d tutlauyt tis snat
i wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara. Imi ay tughal tist'unit d tutlayt n ddewla akk d tin n Yist'uniyen ay d-yekkren yis-s, tewwi-d
ad sqeâden tutlayt-a, ad as-gen ilugan yernu ad tt-rren d tutlayt tizeght (standard) akken ad tezmer ad tughal d tutlayt i
yes ara tlehh'u ddewla. Nnig waya, tewwi-d digh ghef ddewla ad tqabel yiwet n tegnit is'eâben i deg ay tebgha ad tesnerni
tutlayt tist'unit akken ad tt-terr d tutlayt ara fehhmen akk yimezdaghen n tmurt, ula d wid ur tt-nettmeslay ara (ladgha Irusiyen),
dgha tewwi-d ad txemmem Ist'unya ghef wamek ara d asen-tesselmed tutlayt tist'unit i yineggura-ya, ladgha imi ay izemren ad
h'ulfun d akken almad n tutlayt tist'unit s yisem-is d tutlayt-nsen tis snat, d taâkemt kan ara d asen-d-yernu.
Annar wis sin yesâan azal meqqren i ghef d-tewwi ad xemmem i usebded n usad'uf amaynut n tutlayin netta
d win n yeqqnen gher tsertit n usselmed n tutlayin tiberr'aniyin, ladgha deg wayen yerzan almad-nsent akk d usseqdec-nsent
di kra n yinurar n leqdic (takkast -douane-, iqeddicen yeqqnen gher tmerrayt -tourisme-, atg.). Dgha ma mazal Ist'unya ur
tez'wir ara deg yinurar-agi, ur tettazmar ara ad tekcem u ad taf iman-is di trebbaâ tigraghlanin n laman (am Temsisa Tat'lasit
-OTAN) negh tirebbaâ tudmisin (économiques) am Tdukli Tur'ufit (Union Européenne), dgha ilaq ghef tmurt-a ad tez'wer akken
ad d-tessewjed iman-is akken ilaq deg yinurar n tmerrayt akk d tnezzawt (commerce) tagraghlant.
Ma d annar wis tlata, d win yeqqnen s assebded n weh'kim (contrôle, régulation) deg wayen yerzan assaghen
(ralations) n tezmert yellan ger n tutlayin timeddursa akk d usselmed-nsent. Dgha llan sin n leqdicat ay ilaqen ad ttwaxedmen
deg wennar-agi : tukksa n unagraw (système) ay d-yettwawer'ten si tallit tasuvyatit, win i deg ala kan d tarusit ay yettusexdamen
i lmend n usselh'u n tmurt yernu igduden nnid'en tewwi-d fell-asen ad ddjen akk tutlayin-nsen akken ad ddmen tarusit, ladgha
imi anagraw-agi yughal ass-a d ssebba i unulfu n yemgerraden (conflits) ger n trebbaâ [ghef umedya, wid yessnen ala kan tarusit,
atni ass-a ttwaâezlen, yernu beâden ghef wakk inurar imaynuten n leqdic di Ist'unya], am wakken ay ilaq ad d-yexleq unabad'
tagnit i deg tidersiyin timect'ah' nnid'en, meh'sub wid ur nelli d Is'tuniyen wala d Irusiyen, ad zemrent ula d nitenti ad
h'erzent tutlayin akk d yidelsan-nsent. Dgha deg wayen yerzan anect-a, ach'al d abrid ay tâawen ddewla tirebbaâ-agi s yedrimen
akken ad gen at'as n yiqeddicen idelsanen negh ghef tutlayin-nsen. D acu kan, tamsalt-nni tamenzut ay d-nebder, tin yerzan
Irusiyen akk d leqdic n unabad' akken ad asen-yessigh tanumi d tegnit-agi tamaynut d ayen yeh'wadjen tazmert tasertit tameqqrant
akk d tallalt (lemâawna) taberr'anit.
Ihi ghef llsas n yeswiyen-agi akk ay d-yessebded unabad' ist'uni tasertit-is tamaynut n tutlayin i deg llan
wugar n 70 n yisud'af, ama d wid ay d-yeddan di tmend'awt negh d isud'af akk d warraten (actes) nnid'en imect'ah' ay d-id'efren
sakin. Yugh lh'al, llsas ameqqran n yisud'af n Ist'unya netta d tamend'awt (constitution) yernu taneggarut-agi tettwafren
deg wass n 28 Yunyu 1992 u tebda tqeddec tmurt yis-s deg wass n 3 Yulyu 1992. Tamend'awt-a tesdukel ama d ansay (tradition)
n yisud'af ist'uniyen n wasmi ay tewwi Ist'unya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu [ger n 1920 d 1940], ama d isud'af ay d-tewwi
ad ten-id-ternu tmurt ghef idra n ubeddel n tegnit tagraghlant. Tamend'awt-agi teqqar-d d akken Ist'unya d Awanek-aghlan (Etat-nation)
yernu d Awanek (ddewla) yedduklen seg yidis n tsertit (Amagrad 2), akka i wakken ur ttazmaren ara yegduden n tmurt-agi ad
d-gen timiwa tifulmanin (autonomes) i yiman-nsen.
Dgha ayen tessefra ad t-teg Ist'unya i lmend n lebni n tmurt s tsertit-agi-yines tamaynut n tutlayin, meh'sub
assebded n tutlayt ara icerken akk imezdaghen n tmurt akk d wethelli di tutlayin timeddursa nnid'en d ayen digh ay d-tebder
ula d tamend'awt n tmurt, yernu nezmer ad ten-id-nessegzel am wakka :
-Tutlayt ara yeduklen imezdaghen n Ist'unya deg wakal akk n tmurt nettat d tutlayt tist'unit.
-Tidersiyin ttalasent ad issinent snat n tutlayin, tist'unit -tutlayt taghelnawt- akk d tutlayin-nsent timeddursa.
Yugh lh'al, nezmer ad d-nini d akken isud'af yerzan tutlayt zgan ttbeddilen di Ist'unya yernu d tighawsiwin
tisertiyin n daxel n tmurt akk d lh'er's ara d-sseh'r'asent tmura tiberr'aniyin ay yeddjan abeddel-agi ad d-yili. Dgha, xas
ma yella tamend'awt di 1992 ay tt-id-sbedden, maca asad'uf amaynut n tutlayin ur t-id-sbedden ara alammi d 1995. Tugh, isud'af
n tutlayt akk d tiqqermi (citoyenneté) n 1995 ldint tiwwura i werkad n tmetti akk d lebni n tmurt idjehden, yernu isud'af-agi
ur smenyafen ula d yiwen n wegdud ghef wayed' di Ist'unya wanag ttusqedcen kan d allal i lmend n wesdukel n yimezdaghen merr'a
n tmurt. Qrib yal amdan yettidiren s wudem n usad'uf (légalement) di Ist'unya yettalas ad yessuter u ad t-id-ts'ah' teghlent
(nationalité) tist'unit, akken yebghu yili las'el-is yernu anect-a akk yesskan-d d akken abeddel n tmetti tist'unit d win
ara tt-yettawin deg webrid n tugdut, n tullya akk d uqader n yizefan n wemdan.
D acu kan, tutlayt tist'unit n wass-a yeddja-tt zzman gher deffir deg wayen yerzan taknussna (technologie).
Timacinin n tsuqilt (machines de traduction) akk d wahilen n weâqal n wawal melmi kan ay d-yebda unadi fell-asen akken ad
ten-id-xedmen, iseghz'anen (logiciels) s tist'unit mazal-iten qlilit yernu ayen ay d-yeffghen yagi deg wennar-a qlil kan anda
ay yettuseqdac yernu ilaq ad d-nini d akken d anabad' ur d anabad' ay yessawd'en gher tegnit-agi umi ay werdjin yefka azal
i temsalt-a. D acu kan, Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Tist'unit yessebded-d asenfar (projet) i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayt tist'unit deg
useggas n 2001, u yekcem leqdic-agi di leqdicat n Useggas Ur'ufi n Tutlayin, dgha atan yekkat Useqqamu ass-a akken ad d-yessaki
medden akk d trebbaâ ay terza temsalt ghef td'ullit (nécéssité) n tifin n tifrat i lexs'as' n ttawil atrar (moderne) s tutlayt
tist'unit akk d wayen ilaqen ad yettwaxdem i lmend n wesnerni n tist'unit deg wennar-agi.
Tasuqilt sghur Omar MOUFFOK d Abbas IFERHATEN
I tmerniwt n yisallen, rzut s isebtar-agi :
www.linguapax.orgDeg-s ara tafem isallen ghef Weswir (congrès) agraghlan ghef tutlayin timeddursa, seg-s ay d-yettwakkes wed'ris-agi.
D acu-tt tist'unit ?
Tist'unit d nettat ay d tutlayt tamens'abt n tegduda n Ist'unya yernu llan wazal 1.500.000 n yemdanen ay
tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt-a (95% seg yimezdaghen n tmurt) d wazal n 60.000 n yemdanen nnid'en ay yettidiren di lgherba, gar-asen
20.000 deg Yiwunak Yedduklen (USA) d 14.500 di Kanada. Tist'unit tesâa digh wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di Litt'unya akk d Rusya,
ladgha di temdint n Saint Petersburg, di Finland, di Sswid, di Tgeldit Yedduklen (Royaume-Uni) akk d Ustr'alya.
Tawacult-is :
Tutlayt tist'unit d yiwet si tutlayin tur'aliyin. Tawacult n tutlayin tur'aliyin d tin yebd'an ghef wach'al
n yifurka, yiwen deg-sent d win umi qqaren tutlayin tifinubaltiyin, yernu deg-s ay tella tist'unit. Yiwet si tutlayin ay tt-icuban
at'as d tutlayt tafinlandit ay ttmeslayen di Finland, yernu tella digh yiwet n tutlayt, tamjar'it (hongrois) ay ttmeslayen
di Tur'uft tagmud'ant (tacerqit), teqreb gher tist'unit imi ula d nettat tettekka di twacult n tutlayin tur'aliyin. Yugh lh'al,
llan kra ay ighilen d akken imi ay tettuneh'sab Ist'unya d yiwet si tmura tibaltiyin (d tamurt ay d-yuzgan rrif n yilel -lebh'er'-
Abalti), dgha ula d tutlayt-is tetbeâ gher twacult n tutlayin tibaltiyin, am tlitwanit akk d tlitt'unit (siked utt'un wis
3 n Tebrat n Yimedyazen), d acu kan, xas Ist'unya teqreb gher Litwanya akk d Litt'unya, tutlayt-is ur tcuba tid n tmura-yagi
wanag teqreb ugar gher tfinlandit. Yugh lh'al, seg wakken tettemcabi tist'unit gher tfinlandit alammi ula d wid ay tent-yettmeslayen
zemren ad msefhamen wagar-asen, yernu snat-agi n tutlayin cerkent azal n 83.5 % seg umawal-nsen. Tutlayin nnid'en yettemcabin
at'as gher tist'unit d tid ay itebâen, am nettat, s afurk n tutlayin tifinubaltiyin am tkar'ilit (ay ttmeslayen wazal n 10.000
n yemdanen deg Ugafa utrim -nord-ouest- n Rusya), akk d kra n tutlayin ayen yellan ghef yiri n nnger am tingrit, talivunit
akk d tvultit, yernu seg wakken yeshel wemsefham ger n tutlayin-agi alammi ay llan ula d kra n yimassanen ay tent-yettwalin
d tintalyin n yiwet kan n tutlayt.
Tintalyin n tist'unit :
Tist'unit tebd'a ghef snat n tentalyin (dialecte) timeqqranin, tist'unit n Ugafa (nord, negh tin umi qqaren
tist'unit n Talinn, tamaneght), akk d tist'unit n Wenz'ul (sud, negh digh tin umi qqaren tist'unit n Tartu), am wakken yal
yiwet si tentalyin-agi tesâa tiduntalyin-is (sous-dialectes), nezmer ad d-nebder seg-sent tiduntalyin timulgiyin ay ttmeslayen
deg wenz'ul utrim (sud-ouest) akk d tduntalyin n Voru Setu ay ttmeslayen deg wenz'ul agmud'an (sud-est). Ma d tist'unit n
ugafa, nezmer digh ad tt-nebd'u d tiduntalyin u ad d-nebder seg-sent : taduntala n tegzirin, d tist'unit ay ttmeslayen di
tegzirin n Saaremaa akk d Hiiumaa, ay d-yuzgan deg utaram n Ist'unya, deg yilel Abalti; taduntala n yiri n lebh'er' n ugafa-agmud'an
ay icuban mlih' tafinlandit; takodaveret ay ttmeslayen di tmiwa n Kodavere akk d Maarja Magdaleena, akk d tduntala tutrimt
(tagherbit) ay ttmeslayen deg yiwen n weh'ric meqqren di tmurt, yekka-d ghef tmiwa n Laanemaa, ghef ugafa n Parnumaa akk d
utaram n Harjumaa. Xas ma yella anect-agi akk n tentalyin ay tesâa tist'unit, maca yezmer ad d-yili wemsefham s tentalyin-agi
merr'a ger n wid ay yettmeslayen tist'unit.
Tutlayt tizeght (standard) akk d tsekla ay tesseqdac ass-a Ist'unya d tin ay d-yekkan si tentala n tist'unit
n ugafa, d acu kan, tist'unit n wenz'ul tesâa digh ula d nettat tasekla tatlayt (littérature orale), d tamedyazt, ay yesâan
ma cwit', 350 n yiseggasen seg wasmi ay d-tennulfa.
Tira-s :
Tikkelt tamenzut i deg ay tekcem tist'unit s annar n tira, d imassanen almaniyen ay tt-yuran, dgha taghdirawt
(orthographe) ay sqedcen wigi i lmend n tira-s d tin ay iqerben gher teghdirawt n talmanit u ghef wanect-a ay d-yeqqim wedriz
(later') n tira talmaniyin di tid n tist'unit alammi d talemmast n lqern wis 19. Si 1850 d asawen ay bdan Yist'uniyen a snernayen
taghdirawt-nsen akken ad tt-rren d tizeght (standard), dgha bdan tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d aberr'ani di tirawt-nsen (écriture)
u ttaran-d deg wemkan-is isekkilen ara ten-yeddjen ad d-net'qen tutlayt-nsen akken tt-id-nett'qen di las'el, maci akken tt-id-inett'eq
uberr'ani. Agemmay ay tesseqdac ass-a tist'unit yesâa 17 n tergalin (consonnes) akk d 9 n teghra (voyelles).
Tasghent-is* di tmetti* :
** role dans la société
Ass-a, tughal tist'unit tizeght d nettat ay d tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen yernu ay yettwaqeblen deg yeswiren
(niveaux) merr'a n tmetti. D acu kan, asmi ay tella Ist'unya s ddaw n udabu asuvyati, d tarusit ay yellan d tutlayt tamens'abt
tawh'idt yernu âerd'en Yisuvyatiyen ad mh'un tist'unit akk d yedles ist'uni si tmurt-a, maca ayen âerd'en ad t-xedmen ur d-yewwi
ara abaghur meqqren, imi ay kemmlen medden ttmeslayen tist'unit yernu lemmden-tt di tmiwa merr'a n tegduda, yernu igerdan
ay d-ilulen si jjwadj n Yist'uniyen akk d Yirusiyen llan ula d nitni lemmden tist'unit. Di 1990, yessebded-d unabad' ist'uni
Aseqqamu n Tutlayt Taghelnawt i lmend n weh'raz akk d ussebghes (encouragement) n usseqdec n tutlayt tist'unit. Ass-a, xas
ma yella tarusit mazal tesâa azal-is di tmurt-a yernu nezmer ad d-nini tettusemma d "tutlayt tamens'abt" tis snat, tist'unit
attan a tettuselmad yernu tettuseqdac deg yigherbazen yernu win yebghan ad yughal d agharim (citoyen) ist'uni tewwi-d fell-as
ad yissin tutlayt-a. Deg ugafa agmud'an (nord-est) n tmurt, anda yettidir umur ameqqran akk deg Yirusiyen n Ist'unya, mazal
llan yigherbazen irusiyen, d acu kan, maci d ahucal (obligatoire) ghef medden ad sseghren igerdan-nsen deg-sen.
Tist'unit ay ttmeslayen yiminigen Ist'uniyen di lgherba --d tist'unit ay llan ttmeslayen-tt yeghriben ir'uh'en
gher Marikan di tallit n Wemgaru Amad'lan (guerre mondiale) wis sin-- temxallaf citt' ghef tist'unit tizeght yettuseqdacen
ass-a di tmurt, maca mazal wid yettmeslayen tist'unit di lgherba zemren ad fehmen wid ay tt-yettmeslayen di tmurt. D acu kan,
ilaq kan ad d-nger tamawt d akken kra seg wayen ay d-uran yeghriben s tist'unit yemxallaf ghef wayen d-ttarun ass-a wid yellan
di tmurt, imi tutlayt ay llan ttarun-tt zik di lgherba amzun iâedda-tt zzman ass-a, mi akka ay snernan Yist'uniyen tutlayt-nsen
di tmurt-nsen.
Amezruy-is :
Ar ass-a werâad ur z'rin ara yimassanen melmi ay d-frurint tutlayin tifinubaltiyin (gar-asent tist'unit)
seg tutlayt tajaddit ay tent-id-yefkan, d acu kan, ass-a sâan kra n yisallen ghef temlilti ay mlalent tutlayin-a akk d tutlayin
nnid'en deg umezruy. Ifinubaltiyen bdan ttemlilin d yegduden ijirmaniyen (lejdud n Walmaniyen n wass-a) si lqern amenzu n
Sidna Aisa, yernu anect-a yeddja at'as n wawalen ijirmaniyen ad d-kecmen tutlayt-nsen u ad d-qqimen ar ass-a di tist'unit.
Sakin, di lqern wis sebâa n Sidna Aisa, bdan digh ttemlilin Yifinubaltiyen akk d Yeslaviyen (lejdud n Yirusiyen n wass-a)
yernu seg yimir-n ay bdan keccmen-ten-id digh wawalen islaviyen. Alammi d 1520 ay d-uran Yist'uniyen id'risen-nsen imenza
s tist'unit, d win umi semman "Ddeâwat n Kullamaa", yernu di tezwara n lqern wis sbeât'ac, bdant a d-teffghent tjerr'umin
(grammaires) timezwura n tist'unit. Xas ma yella anz'ul n Ist'unya yesâa yiwet n tsekla n yisefra d tanesbaghurt (tamer'kantit)
maci d kra, tasekla-ya ur tt-urin ara alammi d talemmast n lqern wis tseât'ac.
Di tazwara n lqern wis tseât'ac akk d tlemmast-is ay tebda digh a d-tettlal tutlayt tist'unit tatrart (moderne)
di tira, imi tallit-a tella-d d tin i deg thenna tmurt yernu tebda a d-tettlal tghelnaz'rit (nationalisme) deg wulawen n Yist'uniyen.
Tiddukla Tist'unit n Wid Yeghran, ay d-sbedden di 1838, tessuffegh-d at'as n yedlisen akk d tsufighin (publications) nnid'en,
gar-asen(t) Kalevipoeg, d yiwet n telkensit (collection) n yedlisen n yisefra igherfanen (populaires) ay d-yeffghen ger n
1857 d 1861. Di tallit-nni daghen ay d-ffghen yeghmisen imenza n tutlayt tist'unit, nezmer ad d-nebder gar-asen "Perno Postimees",
ay d-yeffghen ger n yiseggasen n 1857 d 1863, akk d "Tartu Postimees" ay d-yeffghen si 1864 alammi d 1880.
Yugh lh'al di tallit-nni, d Rusya ay yellan teh'kem Ist'unya yernu ahat d leqdic-nni ay bdan xeddmen-t Yist'uniyen
imir-n akken ad d-ssidren tutlayt-nsen ay yeddjan Irusiyen ad rren tarusit d tutlayt tamens'abt (officielle) n usselmed di
Ist'unya. D acu kan, ur tâett'el ara tennulfa-d terbaât nnid'en n yimura ist'uniyen, di tezwara n lqern wis âecrin, d tin
umi semman "Noor Eesti" negh tarbaât n "Ist'unya Tilemz'it", yernu kemmlen leqdic i lmend n wesnerni akk d ussedjhed n tutlayt-nsen
taseklant (littéraire). Dgha ughalen yimura ist'uniyen tekksen s kra n wayen yellan d arusi negh d almani si tutlayt-nsen
u ttnadin ad d-ssidren deg-s ayen yellan d-yekkan si tist'unit tanes'lit, am wakken ay rran tasekla tafinlandit akk d tin
n Tur'uft n Wetram (lgherb) d tiliwa i seg ay d-ttagment tikta-nsen (idées). Imura-yagi yecban Johannes Aavik, snernan mlih'
tamawalt (léxique) n tutlayt tist'unit, dgha skeflen-d awalen ist'uniyen ines'liyen ay d-mazal ddren di tentalyin (dialectes)
yemxallafen n tmurt, red'len-d digh awalen si tfinlandit ay icuban mlih' tist'unit, am wakken ay d-snulfan iz'uran imaynuten
i seg zemren ad d-ssuddmen awalen. Di 1920, asmi ay tewwi Ist'unya azarug-is (indépendance) amenzu, tegra-yas-d tegnit n liser
i tutlayt tist'unit, d acu kan, di 1940, asmi ay d-kecmen Yisuvatiyen tamurt, qedcen yineggura-yagi ghef wamek ara mh'un tist'unit
u ad d-h'ettmen deg wemkan-is tutlayt tarusit ay ttwalin imir-n d nettat kan ara yesduklen akk igduden isuvyatiyen. Teqqim
tegnit-agi alammi d 1990, asmi ay tughal tist'unit i tikkelt nnid'en d tutlayt taghelnawt di tmurt-is. Ass-a, mbeâd âecr'a
n yiseggasen n wussisen (efforts), tughal tist'unit d tutlayt ay tfehhem tuget deg yimezdaghen n Ist'unya, yernu yis-s ay
tesselh'ay tmurt-agi tamect'uh't tighawsiwin-is.
Aheggi akk d tsuqilt sghur Hamid OUBAGHA
Ghret daghen :
Asefru si tsekla tist'unit :
Wagi d yiwen n usefru si tsekla tist'unit, tura-t-id Lydia Koidula (1843-1886), d yiwet n tmedyazt n tmurt-a,
yuzen-agh-t-id yiwen seg watmaten-nnegh yettidiren di Luxembourg :
At'as ay righ tamurt-iw
Fkigh-as ula d ul-iw
I kemm ay cennugh
D kemm ay d tinzert-iw
Ist'unya deg d-mghin yijeddjigen
Ideddicen-im h'ulfegh-asen deg yiman-iw
Mi tgerrzed' gerrzegh, lferh'-inem
d lfer'h'-iw
Uh a tamurt-iw !
A tamurt-iw ihhuskin, righ-kem
Xsigh ad gnegh yid-m
Ad i-yawi yid'es s iri-m
Ist'unia-yinu yeh'erz Yillew
Ifrax-im cennun-iyi-d
Ijeddjigen-im meqqin-d deg-i
Uh a tamurt-iw
!
Tasuqilt sghur "Winna", si Luxembourg.
Win yeslan ad yini i wiyad'
Arut-agh-d, gret-d tamawin-nwen, neqqar lâeslama i s kra n tebrat ara d agh-d-yawd'en sghur-wen.
Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
BP 129, Poste Didouche Mourad
16006, Alger, Algérie
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