|
Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
BP 129,
Poste Didouche Mourad, 16006, Alger, Algérie
|
Tabrat n Yimedyazen
Taghmist n Tiddukla - Utt'un 16
(ddur't n 17 Dujember' gher 23 Dujember'
2005)
Zik neqqar win yebghan tamazight, ad yissin tira-s
Ass-a
neqqar win yebghan tamazight, ad tt-yaru |
Tigejdit :
Mbeâd ma tghab ugar n sin yiseggasen, taghmist-nnegh tughal-d. At'as aya seg wasmi ara nettxemmim ad
tt-id-nerr, d acu kan, d ayen akk-n ay d agh-yeddjan ad tt-neddj ay d agh-yekksen ad tt-id-nerr. Yugh lh'al, ass-a mazal
xuss'en yighallen iqeddcen ghef tmazight, yernu ayen akk-n umi nekker, qlilit medden ay d iâerd'en ad xedmen
am wayenni negh stufan-as. Asmi ay d-nesnulfa taghmist-agi, nella nesâa tikta igerrzen, isirmen d imeqranen.
Nella nebgha ad d-neg ttawil n usiwed' i yes ara d-nessawad' isallen i Yimazighen s tmazight, d isallen imeânen yernu
werdjin slin yis-sen. Nella nebgha ad tili teghmist-nnegh d tin ara yawd'en gher wat'as n Yimazighen, di ddunit merr'a, s
ttawil n internet, yernu d tin ara ten-id-yessefqaden yal ddur't. Nella nebgha ad tt-nerr d aghmis amazigh amezwaru s ttawil
n internet ara izerâen tamazight, ad asen-yettak i wid ih'emmlen ad ghren tutlayt-nsen ayen ara ghren, yernu ad asen-yeg ifadden
i wakken ad qqaren tamazight u ad ttemyarun s tutlayt-nsen deg uz'edd'a agraghlan. Deg wussan-nni i deg nella nqeddec ghef
teghmist-agi, nger tamawt dakken tighri-nnegh terra-d ss'da, yernu llan at'as n wigad ay d-yukin d wid yebdan ttxemmimen ghef
temsalt n useqdec n tmazight wagar-anegh deg uz'edd'a. D acu kan, tewwed'-d tallit i deg takemmict-nni n medden ay yellan
la qeddcen ghef Tebrat n Yimedyazen ur tessawed' ara ad tkemmel, acku yal yiwen deg-negh yelha-d d lecghal-is, dgha d ayen
ay d agh-yessawd'en ad tt-neddj, xas akken, Tabrat-nnegh tessawed' ad d-tejmeâ tarbaât n wid ay tt-ih'emmlen yernu ttr'ajun-tt
ad ten-id-tawed' yal ddur't. Tikkelt-agi, mi akka ay d agh-d-ts'ah' tegnit ad nesâu adeg n internet, nenna-yas dakken d ayen
igerrzen ma yella tughal-d teghmist-nnegh, ad tughal ad d-tteffegh yal ddur't deg udeg-nnegh, u ad tili d nettat ara s-yettaken
rr'uh', imi yal ddur't ad d-nettawi deg-s awal ghef tghawsa tamaynut. Yessefk kan ad d-nâeyyen dakken Tabrat n Yimedyazen
d taghmist yemmuzzgen (spécialisée), meh'sub terza kan yiwen wennar, d win n tutlayin d yidelsan yettwaggzen (menacés) d yimenghi
n yegduden di ddunit merr'a i wakken ad d-ssukksen (ad d-smenâen) tigemmi-nsen (patrimoine) d tmagiyin-nsen (identités) tidelsanin.
D iswan-nni (buts) ay nesâa zik-nni ay d-mazal nebgha ad ten-nawed' ass-a s Tebrat n Yimedyazen. Nebgha ad nefk i Yimazighen
ayen ara ghren u ad yili yemâen, ad asen-d-yesselmed tighawsiwin inefâen, yernu ad ten-yeddj ad d-ldin allen-nsen ghef ddunit
u ad muqlen akk ayen yellan deg-s, s ccbah'a-s, s tand'a-yines (diversité) d wayen yellan diri-t deg-s, u nebgha digh ad d-nessuffegh
tutlayt-nnegh seg ujeghlal-nni i deg tt-h'ebsen kra, imi tamazight ur tettwaxdem ara kan i wakken ad d-nemmeslay yis-s ghef
wayen yellan d aqbur, wanag nezmer ass-a, ad tt-nesseqdec i wakken ad d-nemmeslay yis-s ghef wat'as tghawsiwin nnid'en di
ddunit. Nebgha ad nesâeddi izen (message) i medden, u ad asen-nini dakken llan yegduden nnid'en ay yennughen, ara yettnaghen
i lmend n weh'raz d wesnerni n tutlayin d tmagiyin-nsen, yernu nezmer ad neddem amedya (exemple) fell-asen, ad d-nelmed fell-asen
at'as n lumur', maca ayen ay nebgha daghen ad t-z'ren waytmaten-nnegh ay gh-yeqqaren netta dakken maci di lbat'el ay nefren
tamazight, tutlayt-nnegh, i wakken ad asen-nemmeslay ghef yisental (thèmes) ur nugh ara tanumi nettaru fell-asen s tmazight,
wanag nebgha ad asen-nekkes akukru u ad asen-neg ifadden i wakken ad ttmeslayen s tutlayt-nsen anda ma ddan akk d Yimazighen
yessawalen tamazight, u ad ttemyarun yis-s, acku wid iqedcen i wakken ad sqeâden tira n tmazight, ur gin ara aya di lbat'el,
yernu lemmer ad neddj ayen akken gan ad yerku deg yedlisen u ad yer'ju ledjyal ara d-yettenkaren, aya maci d ayen yessefr'ah'en.
Tamazight terza-yagh akk yernu maci ala i ledjyal ara d-yettnulfun ay tella. Yessefk ghef yal yiwen deg-negh ay yeghran,
ay ifehmen, ay yettmeslayen tamazight, ad igher u ad yaru s tutlayt-is mi ara yemselghu (communiquer) akk d yimazighwalen
(amazighophones) nnid'en. Tamazight ur telli d aberrih' n tikliwin wala d taceqquft n usalay (pièce de musée), wanag ma yella
numen s tidet dakken tamazight d tilawt (une réalité), yessefk fell-anegh ad nezwir d nekni ad tt-nettaru, ad tt-nerr d tuns'ibt
deg yexxamen-nnegh u gar-anegh d yimeddukal-nnegh, i wakken yiwwas, ma yella tughal d tuns'ibt di tmura-nnegh, ad as-nini
dakken amkan-agi tuklal-it s tidet, yernu maci bat'el ay tt-id-newwi. Ma yella d tidet tella tmazight deg wul, yessefk ad
tili deg yiles u ad tili deg ufus (di tira).
Mass Omar MOUFFOK
Tamsalt n tutlayt di Cameroun
Sghur George Echu
[Aqeddem : Cameroun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt tagherbit, yernu
am nettat am tmura nnid'en n tama-ya, tesâa at'as n yegduden d wat'as n tutlayin. Cameroun d yiwet si tmura n Tefriqt i deg
ttwahdar'ent at'as n tutlayin (uga n 200), maca d ayen yessewhamen ma nenna-d dakken ar ass-a, ula d yiwet si tutlayin tifriqiyin
n Cameroun ur tughal d tutlayt taghelnawt. Anabad' (lh'ukuma) n Cameroun yesteâr'if kan s tefr'ensist d teglizit (imi tamurt-agi
tettusteâmer' sghur Legliz d Fr'ansa), d nitenti umi tefka azal, xas ma yella yettili-d digh umennigh ger n snat-agi n tutlayin
di tmurt-a. Maca, xas ma yella tutlayin tighelnawin n Cameroun tt'uqqtent, qqiment merr'a di rrif, yernu aya maci d ayen yelhan
i wegdud. Imi imd'ebbren n tmurt ttmeslayen u qeddcen kan s tutlayt taberr'anit, amur ameqran deg Yikamruniyen d'han-d amzun
ttwaâezlen di tmurt-nsen, ur fehhmen d acu ara ttmeslayen wid yellan nnig-nsen, yernu unjug-agi (obstacle) n tutlayt
yergel-asen abrid i wat'as n yimezdaghen n tmurt-a i wakken ad ttekkin di tsertit (politique) n tmurt-nsen. Maci
ala d Cameroun ay yellan di tegnit-agi, wanag llant at'as n tmura nnid'en di Tefriqt ara yettidiren akka : tadghert
(élite) tesâa tutlayt-is, d tin i yes tezmer ad teh'kem tamurt s yiles ay tfehhem nettat, iles n umesbat'li aqdim, di lweqt
i deg agdud yellan s ddaw-atsen ttmeslayen-as kan s yiles-is asmi ara t-h'widjen ad yedgher (ad yebbut'i). Xas ma yella Cameroun
d tamurt yewwin azarug-is (indépendance), asmi ay tt-ffghent Fr'ansa d Legliz, ur d-ddjint ara amkan-nsent d ilem, wanag imd'ebbren
n tmurt, xas d arraw n tmurt, qqnen allen-nsen ghef yilsawen n tmurt-nsen.]
Tazzwart 
Tigduda n Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt (i deg ggtent tutlayin), i deg llant azal n 247 n tutlayin tines'liyin
n tmurt, yiwet n tutlayt n teywalt (communication - d tapidgint n teglizit) akk d snat n tutlayin tuns'ibit
(officielles), taglizit d tefr'ensist. Snat-agi n tutlayin tuns'ibit tewr'et-itent-id Cameroun si tallit-nni n tehrest (listiâmar'),
asmi Brit'anya d Fr'ansa bd'ant akal n tmurt-agi wagar-asen ger n tgara n Tt'rad n Umad'al amezwaru d wasmi ay tewwi
tmurt azarug-is (indépendance).
Att'uqqet n tutlayin di Cameroun maci d ayen yessishilen taywalt (communication) ger yimezdaghen n tmurt-a; dgha skud
Cameroun ur tesâi ara tutlayt n teywalt ara yettwafhamen deg tmiwa n tmurt merr'a, amsefham mazal ad yeqqim yewâer' ger Yikamruniyen.
Nnig waya, xas ma yella tafr'ensist d teglizit d tutlayin tuns'ibin di snat di Cameroun, snat-agi n tutlayin ur âdilent ara
deg wamek ay ttuseqdacent negh ttuselmadent, yernu aya id'urr tasertit (politique) n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme) ay yebgha ad
yelh'u yis-s udabu n Cameroun. Yugh lh'al, tasertit n tutlayt di tmurt-a mazal-itt terwi yernu mazal ur d-banen ara yeswan-is
(buts) : tasertit-agi ur tefki ara akk azal i tutlayin tines'liyin n tmurt i wakken ad ten-tesnerni, yernu ur tessawed' ara
ad terr tamurt n Cameroun d tin ay ilehh'un s snat n tutlayin tuns'ibin akken yessefk lh'al. Dgha, tasertit-nni tuns'ibt i
yes tebgha naqal Cameroun ad tesdukel tamurt, ass-a tughal d ssebba n yemgerraden (conflits) d wemsefraq aserti. Taluft
n tutlayin di Cameroun d taqdimt yernu nezmer ad naf iz'uran-is di tallit n tehrest (listiâmar'), tallit i deg ay d-yella
wemgerrad ger tedbelt (administration) n tehrest d yemseghdaden (missionnaires). Ass-a, taluft n Cameroun deg wayen yerzan
tutlayin netta d amek ara tefru ugur-agi n utt'uqqet n tutlayin u ad tefru ugur n tutlayt taghelnawt di lweqt i deg ara tkemmel
ad tesselh'ay tamurt s wudem amellil (efficacement) s snat tutlayt tuns'ibin u ad teg akk ayen yessefken i
wakken ad tesserbeh' aya.
Cameroun s ttfas'il u s tewzel
Ghef leh'sab n CIA Fact Book, di Yulyu 2001, Cameroun tella tesâa 15.803.220 n yimezdaghen.
Tajumma n Cameroun tewwed' gher 475.442 km², yernu tesâa tilisa akk d Nigeria deg utaram (lgherb), akk d Tcad deg ugafa-acerqi
(nord-est), akk d Tegduda n Tefriqt Talemmast di ccerq, akk d Ginya Tasebgast, Gabon d Congo deg wenz'ul (sud). Cameroun
tesâa 10 tmiwa tideblanin (administratives), gar-asent snat ttmeslayent s teglizit, ma di tmanya-nni nnid'en,
d tafr'ensist ay yettwahdar'en.
Di 1472, asmi ay yewwed' yemsilel (navigateur) apur'tugali Fernando Po gher temda (bassin) n Biafra, yekcem
s ugherrabu-yines gher wasif n Wouri ay d-yuzgan ghef yiri n lebh'er'. Po yewhem mi ay iwala dakken llan
yiqayemrunen (crevettes) deg wasif-nni, dgha d aya ay t-yeddjan ad as-isemmi i wasif-agi "Rio dos Camarões" (asif n yiqayemrunen).
Dgha d wa ay d isem ay fkan i tmurt-nni merr'a. Asmi ay d-usan Walmaniyen akken ad tt'fen tamurt-a, semman-as "Kamerun".
Igliziyen, asmi ay d-wwd'en, semman-as "Cameroon", ma d Ifr'ensisen llan qqaren-as "Cameroun". Di 1884, tekcem Lalman
gher Cameroun, u yebda-d leh'kem almani ghef tmurt-a asmi ay stenyan Walmaniyen amtawa (leâqed) ger tmurt-nsen d Yedoualaten
(yiwen seg yegduden n Cameroun) di Yulyu n 1884, dgha seg yimir-nni ay tughal Cameroun d tanemzught (protectorat) talmanit.
Maca asmi ay texs'er Lalman Ttr'ad n Umad'al amezwaru (di 1916), Fr'ansa d Brit'anya bd'ant Cameroun wagar-asent. Naqal llant
h'ekment tamurt-a s ddaw n lewkala n Temghunt n Yeghlanen (Société des Nations), sakkin, d Tuddsa n Yeghlanen Yedduklen
(ONU) ay ikemmlen twekkel Fr'ansa d Brit'anya i wakken ad kemmlent ad tt'fent Cameroun. Brit'anya s'ah'ent-tt-id snat
n tesfifin n wakal, llan deg-sent azal n 90.000 km² yernu uzgant-d ghef tlisa n Nigeria. Tasfift-nni n wakal ay d-yuzgan
deg ugafa (nord) llan qqaren-as "Cameroun Tabrit'anit n Ugafa" (British Northert Cameroons), ma d tin n wenz'ul qqaren-as
"Cameroun Tabrit'anit n Wenz'ul" (Southern British Cameroons"). D Fr'ansa umi d-is'ah' umur ameqran si Cameroun
yernu tefka-yas i umur-agi leh'kem-is i yiman-is, wanag Brit'anya, si Lagos, di Nigeria, ay tella la tesselh'ay lumur'
n wakalen-is di Cameroun.
Cameroun tafr'ensist tewwi azarug-is (indépendance) deg umenzu n Yennayer, 1960. Sakkin, di Fur'ar' n 1960,
imezdaghen n Cameroun Tabrit'anit n Wenz'ul deghren (bbut'in) i wakken ad sduklen tamurt-nsen akk d Cameroun ay
teffegh Fr'ansa. Tadukli-yagi terna tedjhed ugar deg umenzu n Tuber' 1961, asmi ay yettusdukel akk wakal n Cameroun,
u tga-d tmurt-agi tafidir'alit i deg llant snat n tmura, Cameroun Tagherbit d Cameroun Tacerqit. Tafidir'alit-agi teqqim
alamma ay d 20 Magu 1972, asmi ay yerra adabu ddewla-yagi d tin yedduklen ugar, s wesnulfu n 7 temnad'in (provinces).
Sakkin, di 1984, aselway yessuffegh-d tanad't (décret) i deg d-rnant tlata temnad'int timaynutin gher sebâa-nni
yellan naqal, u tughal Cameroun tesâa âecr'a temnad'in.
Deg wennar n uselmed, Cameroun tettd'afar sin yinagrawen (systèmes) : anagraw n uselmed s tutlayt taglizit
ay yettwabnan ghef leh'sab n unagraw aneglusaksi (anglo-saxon), akk d unagraw n uselmed s tutlayt tafr'ensist ay yettwabnan
ghef leh'sab n unagraw afr'ensis. Dgha llan yigherbazen yesselmaden s wahil (programme) aglizi am wakken ay llan wid yesselmaden
s wahil afr'ensis, d acu kan, di tesdawit (université), inelmaden qqaren s snat tutlayin, s teglizit akk d tefr'ensist. Ghef
leh'sab n tesnaddanin (statistiques) n 1995, 63.4 % n Yikamruniyen ay yessnen ad ghren, 75 % n yergazen d 52,01 % n tilawin.
Tagtutlayt* d tsertit n tutlayt
*plurilinguisme
Tagtutlayt di Cameroun
Akken ay d-nenna sufella-yagi, Cameroun d tamurt tagtutlayt i deg llant 247 n tutlayin tines'liyin, snat tutlayin
tuns'ibin akk d yiwet n tpidgint n teglizit ay ttmeslayen di Cameroun.
[Tapidgint d tutlayt ur nelli ara d tanes'lit di tmurt, tikwal tettili d axalud' n snat negh n wat'as
n tutlayin, sseqdacen-tt medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden i wakken ad msefhamen yis-s. Tapidgint n Cameroun d taglizit
ixeld'en d tutlayin nnid'en].
Xas ma yella adeg n internet n Ethnologue yeqqar-d dakken llant 279 n tutlayin di Cameroun, kra yimesnilsiyen
(linguistes) am Wolf nnan-d dakken aya ur is'ehh'a ara, imi ay llant kra n tentalyin (dialectes) ay yettwah'esben d tutlayin,
yili nitenti d tintalyin kan n kra n tutlayt. Ger tutlayin tines'liyin n Cameroun, llant r'ebâa tutlayin qrib
ad negrent, tigi d tutlayt tadulit (duli), tageyt (gey), tanagumit (nagumi) akk d tyenit (yeni). Tutlayin-agi akk ttmeslayen-tent
deg ugafa (nord) n tmurt. Adeg n Ethnologue yenna-d di 1996, dakken 14 n tutlayin nnid'en n Cameroun ay inegren
yagi. Di Tefriqt, llant r'ebâa n twaculin timeqranin n tutlayin, tlata deg-sent nezmer ad tent-naf di Cameroun, imi di tmurt-a
nezmer ad naf tutlayin n twacult tafrusyawit (afro-asiatique), tutlayin n twacult tanilus'eh'r'awit (nilo-saharienne) akk
d tutlayin n twacult tanijirukur'dufanit (nilo-kordofanienne).
Tutlayin n twacult tanijirukur'dufanit d nitenti ay yett'uqqten di Cameroun, di lweqt i deg ulac akk kra n
tutlayt n twacult taxuysant (khoisan) di tmurt-a. Tutlayin tines'liyin ay fehhmen wat'as n medden nitenti d tafulfuldet (fulfulde),
tewondot (ewondo), tabasaat (basaa), tadwualat (duala), tahausat (hausa), tawandalat (wandala), takanurit (kanuri), taâr'abt
tacuwat (choa), tapidgint n teglizit akk d tefr'ensist. D acu kan, tlata kan tutlayin si ger tigi ay yettwahdar'en yernu ttwafhament
ugar tiyad' di tmiwa timeqranin di Cameroun, d tid ay sseqdacen medden di tmiwa-ya i wakken ad msefhamen wagar-asen :
deg ugafa (nord) amur ameqran di medden yettmeslay negh ifehhem tafulfuldet, di lweqt i deg tapidgint n teglizit tettuseqdac
di lgherb, ma d tafr'ensist tettuseqdac deg timiwa ay d-yeqqimen di tmurt. D acu kan, ulac leh'yud' yebd'an ger yal tutlayt
d tayed', yernu merr'a tutlayin-agi nezmer ad naf imdanen ay tent-yessnen di merr'a timiwa n tmurt. Tafulfuldet ttmeslayen-tt
yernu tettwafham di tama n ugafa (nord) anda ay tella tama n Adamawa akk d temnad'in (provinces) n ugafa ubâid,
dgha, akal i deg tettuseqdac tfulfuldet yewwed' gher 162.107 km² negh 34,8 % seg wakal n Cameroun.
Azal n 3 yimelyunen n medden ay yettmeslayen tafulfuldet, xas ma yella amur ameqran di medden-agi d almad ay tt-lemden,
maci d nettat ay d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat. Wid yesâan tafulfuldet d tutlayt-nsen tayemmat (Ifulfuldeyen) ur ttâeddin ara i
350.000, maca tutlayt-nsen si zik ay tesâa azal. Di lqern wis 17, tafulfuldet tettuseqdec d tutlayt i wezraâ n Lislam deg
ugafa (nord) n Cameroun. Tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun sseqdacen-tt at'as n medden maci ala di tmiwa ay teh'kem zik Brit'anya
(timnad'in n Ugafa Utrim d Wenz'ul Utrim), wanag ula di tmiwa n yiri n lebh'er' akk d lgherb n Cameroun. Ass-a, nezmer
ad nh'ulfu i tezrirt (influence) n tpidgint-agi ula di temnad'in i deg sseqdacen tafr'ensist. Dgha ass-a, tapidgint n teglizit
n Cameroun ur teqqim ara d tutlayt n teywalt (communication) ala kan ger Yikamruniyen yessawalen taglizit, wanag attan
la tettimghur, la tteffegh ghef tlisa-s n zik-nni u tezmer, yiwwas, ad tughal d tutlayt n teywalt taghelnawt (nationale).
Ama di temdinin negh di tmurt, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tughal la tettuseqdac di teklizin (églises) am
wakken tettuseqdac di leswaq, deg yinegsaren (parking) n tker'was, di teghsarin (gares) n tmacinin, deg wezniq negh di
tegnatin nnid'en. Yugh lh'al, tutlayt-agi "ur nelli n yiwen" nughal nezmer ad tt-naf anda ma nedda di tudert timettit-tudmist
(socio-économique) n yimezdaghen n Cameroun, yernu si tallit n Lalman ay tebda tpidgint-agi la tetturar ddur'-agi.
Ma yella d tafr'ensist, alamma ay d asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance) ay tughal tesâa ddur' meqqren
di teywalt (communication), imi seg yimir-n d asawen, bdan Yikamruniyen la lemmden s wat'as tutlayt-a. Dgha, menghir
tlata-nni n temnad'in (provinces) n ugafa anda d tafulfuldet ay d tutlayt n teywalt akk d snat-nni n temnad'in i
deg ssawalen (tapidgint n) taglizit, d tafr'ensist ay yetturaren ddur' meqqren di teywalt di xemsa-nni n temnad'in nnid'en
ay d-yegran di Cameroun. S waya, tennulfa-d yiwet n tefr'ensist d tagherfant (populaire), sseqdacen-tt Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen
tutlayin yemgerraden wagar-asen, ladgha di temdinin d tmiwa iqerben gher temdint. Nnig waya, Ikamruniyen merr'a, ama d wid
yesseqdacen taglizit, tafr'ensist negh tafulfuldet, ttemsefhamen merr'a wagar-asen s tefr'ensist, u tettghimi-d tutlayt-a
d nettat ay d tutlayt n wemsefham tameqrant akk di tmurt. Snat-nni n tutlayin tuns'ibin n Cameroun, taglizit d tefr'ensist,
kecemnt-d s amezruy n tmurt-a di 1916, asmi ay tettwarna Lalman u tettwabd'a Cameroun ger Fr'ansa d Brit'anya. Inehrasen
(colonisateurs) imaynuten nudan ad h'ettmen tutlayt-nsen ghef yimezdaghen n tmurt-agi, ladgha deg yinurar n uselmed akk d
tedbelt (administration). D aya ay yessawd'en snat-agi n tutlayin ad fkent az'ar di Cameroun di tallit n tsehrest (listiâmar'),
yernu asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), ughalent djehdent ugar. Asmi ay teddukel Cameroun, di 1961, taglizit
d tefr'ensist ughalent d snat n tutlayin tuns'ibin n tmurt-a imi Cameroun tefren ad tesselh'u tamurt s tesnutlayt (bilinguisme).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n tsehrest*
*listiâmar'
Yessefk ad d-nini dakken uqbel ma kecmen-d yinehrasen (colonisateurs) gher Cameroun, kra n tutlayin tines'liyin n tmurt-a
ssawd'ent ad sâunt azal d ameqran. Tutlayt tabamunt (bamun) tella d yiwet si tutlayin-agi, yernu d sselt'an Njoya (yiwen ugellid
ineslem n Cameroun) ay tt-yesqeâden i wakken ad tughal d tutlayt n uselmed, uqbel ma wwd'en-d yemseghdaden (missionnaires)
almaniyen. Tutlayt tafulfuldet daghen tella tesâa azal meqqren imi di lqern wis 17, d ta ay d tutlayt ay yettusqedcen i wezraâ
n Lislam di tlata-nni n temnad'in n ugafa (nord).
Di tallit n tsehrest (listiâmar'), timura tinehrasin (colonisateur) gant ifadden i wakken d tutlayin-nsent ara yettuseqdacen.
Xas ma yella tadbelt (administration) talmanit di Cameroun tga ifadden i wakken d talmanit ara yettusqedcen di tmurt-a,
imseghdaden (missionnaires) almaniyen d yimarikaniyen iprisbitiriyen smenyafen ad sqedcen tutlayin tines'liyin n yimezdaghen
n Cameroun, am tbasaat (basaa), tabulut (bulu), tadualat (duala), tewondot (ewondo) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) i
wakken ad slemden medden u ad ten-id-sxedmen gher ddin amasih'i. Xas ma yella almaniyen ur ldin ara at'as n yigherbazen
di Cameroun, maca âerd'en ad h'ettmen ghef yigherbazen ad sseqdacen talmanit, u h'er'sen imseghdaden i wakken ad
gen aya. D acu kan, imseghdaden llan tt'fen at'as n yigherbazen yernu d nitni ay yellan h'ekmen deg uselmed di tallit
talmanit, di Cameroun.
Xas llan Walmaniyen bghan ad h'ettmen tutlayt-nsen ghef Yikamruniyen, ineggura-yagi kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin-nsen
tines'liyin wagar-asen mebla uguren. Asmi ay texs'er Lalman tamurt n Cameroun, inehrasen (colonisateurs) imaynuten wwin-d
yid-sen tasertit (politique) n tutlayin nnid'en. Ibrit'aniyen h'ekmen Cameroun s webrid arusrid (indirectement), u d lh'ekkam
ines'liyen n tmurt i yes tella Brit'anya la tesselh'ay tamurt, dgha, nezmer ad d-nini dakken di tegnit am ta, qrib yettuh'ettem
ghef Yikamruniyen ad issinen u ad sqedcen tutlayin-nsen tines'liyin. Maca deg weh'ric-nni ay teh'kem Fr'ansa, Ifr'ensisen
llan bghan ad ssertin (assimiler) Ikamruniyen, meh'sub ad asen-mh'un las'el-nsen, tamagit-nsen (identité) u ad ten-rren d
Ifr'ensisen. D aya ay yeddjan Fr'ansa ur tqebbel ara aseqdec n tutlayin tines'liyin. Di tmiwa yellan s ddaw n leânaya
tabrit'anit, kra n tutlayin tines'liyin am tbafutt (bafut), tadualat (duala) akk d tmungakat (mungaka) llant la ttuseqdacent
lwah'id akk d teglizit deg uselmed. Yugh lh'al, Ibrit'aniyen ddjan timsal n uselmed ger yifassen n trebbaâ n ddin akk
d wusligen (privés), di lweqt i deg adabu afr'ensis d netta ay d-yelhan s timmad-is s wakk timsal n uselmed n Yefriqiyen yellan
s ddaw leh'kem-is. Di tmiwa ay teh'kem Fr'ansa, dima llan yemgerraden (conflits) ger yemseghdaden (missionnaires)
d udabu afr'ensis, imi imseghdaden kemmlen la sseqdacen tutlayin tines'liyin i lmend n uselmed d usexdem n medden gher
tmasih'it. D aya ay yeddjan adabu afr'ensis ad yeg ussisen (efforts) i wakken ad yesnerni tafr'ensist di Cameroun di lweqt
i deg yerra tutlayin tines'liyin di rrif. Di 1917, tadbelt (administration) tafr'ensist tughal la tettak tallalt (lemâawna)
n yedrimen i yigherbazen yesseqdacen tafr'ensist d tutlayt n uselmed. Sakkin, deg umenzu n Tuber' akk d 28 Dujember'
1920, yeffegh-d usad'uf i wakken ad ttwaghelqen yigherbazen yellan sselmaden s tutlayin tines'liyin di Cameroun, ad yeghleq 47
yigherbazen ay yeldi ugellid Njoya di tama n Yibamunen, anda tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabamunt. Ma di 1922, Fr'ansa teghleq
1800 yigherbazen n yemseghdaden iprisbitiriyen imarikaniyen i deg tutlayt n uselmed tella d tabulut (bulu). Tkemmel Fr'ansa
la tghelleq deg yigherbazen, alamma ay d asmi ay d-teqqim tefr'ensist d tutlayt tawh'idt n uselmed di Cameroun. D acu kan, xas
texdem Fr'ansa akk aya, tutlayin tines'liyin kemmlent la ttuseqdacent deg usexdem n medden gher ddin amasih'i d teywalt
(communication) ger medden. Dgha, di lweqt i deg tutlayt tuns'ibt (officielle) tella d tutlayt n teywalt tuns'ibt, tutlayin
tines'liyin d nitenti ay yellan d tutlayin n teywalt gher wegdud ama di teklizt (église), deg leswaq, negh di tmeghriwin
tidelsanin, deg wexxam d wanda nnid'en. Maca tisertiyin (politiques) n tutlayt ay sqedcent Lalman, Brit'anya akk d Fr'ansa
ur ddjint ara ad tili kra n tutlayt tanes'lit ara yesâun azal meqqren ugar n tiyad', u ad tughal d nettat ay d tutlayt taghelnawt
asmi ara tawi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance).
Tasertit n tutlayt di tallit n uzarug*
*indépendance
Asmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is, d tafr'ensist ay yughalen d tutlayt-is tuns'ibt (officielle) di tama yessawalen tafr'ensist,
di lweqt i deg taglizit tughal d tutlayt tuns'ibt n tama yessawalen taglizit. Asmi ay teddukel tmurt deg umenzu n Tuber',
1961, tagduda tafidir'alit ay d-ilulen imir-n tughal tesâa snat tutlayin tuns'ibin. Cameroun, am wat'as n tmura tifriqiyin
nnid'en, tesmenyaf d tutlayin "tirawsanin" (neutres) ay tesmenyaf ad tent-terr d tutlayin tuns'ibin, imi taglizit akk
d tefr'ensist ur llint ara d tutlayin tines'liyin n kra n wegdud yettidiren di Cameroun, yernu adabu akamruni iga
aya i wakken ur d-ttilin ara wuguren ger yegduden, yernu ur yetts'errif ara digh udabu idrimen i wakken ad yesnerni tutlayin
tines'liyin n tmurt. S waya ay nezmer ad nefhem aygher ay yerra udabu tutlayin tines'liyin di rrif u yesmenyaf
tutlayin n yinehrasen (colonisateurs) iqburen. Kra waggagen (intellectuels) ikamruniyen am Fonlon (di 1963), ur kukran
ara ad d-ssumren (proposer) dakken yessefk ad rren aselmed n yigerdan d asnutlay (bilingue) seg yiseggasen imezwura n ugherbaz,
imi di tallit-nni ay ttilin yigerdan mazal-iten leqqaqit i wakken ad lemden tutlayin timaynutin.
Ma d tutlayin tines'liyin, nezmer ad d-nini dakken ur sâin ara akk amkan deg yiseggasen imezwura n uzarug (indépendance)
n Cameroun. Maca, xas ma yella anabad' yessusem, llant at'as n trebbaâ ay iqedcen mebla ah'bas i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin
tines'liyin, u gar-asent nezmer ad d-nebder PROPELCA (Programme de Recherche Opérationnelle pour l'Enseignement des Langues
au Cameroun), ara iqeddcen si 1977 ghef temsal yerzan aselmed s tutlayin tiyemmatin di Cameroun. Maca llant daghen trebbaâ
n SIL-Cameroun, Tiddukla Takamrunit n Tsuqilt n Wedlis d Uselmed n Tghuri (CABTAL) akk d Tiddukla Taghelnawt n Tseqquma
n Tutlayt Tikamruniyin (National Association of Cameroonian Language Committees (NACALCO). Di 1979, yettwaxdem leqdic
igerrzen i lmend n usizegh (standardisation) n tirawt n tutlayin tikamruniyin yernu aya yettekka mlih' deg wesnerni n
tutlayin-agi. Tamend'awt n 18 Yennayer 1996 ted'men akemmel n tsertit tuns'ibt n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme)
d wesnerni n tutlayin tighelnawin (tines'liyin) n Cameroun, yernu aya yusa-d kan d akemmel i leqdic-nni ay d-bdant trebbaâ-agi
iqedcen ghef tutlayin tines'liyin, yernu tamend'awt-agi d ayen ara yeddjen Cameroun ad teg leqrar ama i tutlayin-is
tuns'ibin, ama i tutlayin-is tines'liyin ay yellan merr'a d ah'ric si tgemmi (patrimoine) tadelsant n tmurt-agi. Di 1998, yella-d
digh ubeddel d ameqran ghef tutlayin n Cameroun imi amni (parlement) akamruni yesâedda yiwen usenfar n usad'uf (projet
de loi) ay yefkan azal i uselmed n tutlayin tighelnawin, dgha d asenfar-agi ay yughalen d asad'uf 98/004 n 14 Yebrir
1998 ay d-iga uselway i lmend n uselmed n tutlayin tines'liyin n tmurt. Xas ma yella Aghlif (ministère) n Uselmed aghelnaw werâad
ur d-igi ara aghawas (plan) i wakken ad yexdem s usad'uf-agi deg wennar, ulac ccek dakken asmi ay d-tga Cameroun asad'uf-agi, tebda-d
tikli tamaynut i lmend n wesnerni n tutlayin-is tighelnawin. D acu kan, mi ara nwali mlih' gher wayen d-yeqqar usad'uf-agi
d tegnit i deg tella Cameroun, nezmer ad nesteqsi iman-nnegh ma yella dgha d tidet Cameroun tezmer ad d-tessed'ru
ayen teâzem ad t-texdem negh asad'uf-agi ad yeqqim kan di lkaghed' (am tmend'awt n 1996), ad yettr'aju melmi ara
t-id-ssed'run deg wennar. Yugh lh'al llan yagi kra ara yettwalin dakken anabad' (lh'ukuma) ur ixeddem ara ayen d-yenna. Xas
ma yella asad'uf-agi d ussis (lmedjhud) i wakken ad teg ddewla ayen yessefken i tutlayin tighelnawin, maca aâett'el
n ddewla i wakken ad texdem s usad'uf-a yesbanay-d dakken imd'ebbren xedmen-d asad'uf-agi uqbel lawan-is negh ur xemmen ara
akken yessefk i wakken ad t-id-gen. Akka ay s-ted'ra digh i tmend'awt-nni n 1996. Dgha, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin-agi,
mazal werâad ur tefri ara yiwet n temsalt : lemmer ad kecment tutayin tighelnawin s agherbaz, inelmaden ad tent-lemden
d tinegwa (matières) negh ad lemmden yis-sent kullec ? Asad'uf akamruni yenna-d dakken inelmaden ad lemmden tutlayin-agi d
tinegwa, d acu kan, lemmer ad ttusqedcent tutlayin tighelnawin d ttawil i uselmed, at'as n Yikamruniyen ara ilemden tutlayin-nsen
tiyemmatin, yernu aya ad yessishel aselmed n tghuri i wat'as n yimezdaghen n tmurt. Lemmer ad ttuslemdent tutlayin-agi
d tinegwa kan, mazal llan wuguren nnid'en ay yessefk ad ten-yefru unabad' akamruni. Yugh lh'al, ma ih'elles-d unabad'
ad yessed'ru ayen d-yenna usad'uf n 1998, yessefk ad ixemmem ghef yeswiren (niveaux) n yinelmaden umi ara yesselmed
tutlayin tines'liyin, d wach'al n tsaâtin ara lemmden yinelmaden tutlayin-agi di ddur't, am wakken ay yessefk ad ssersen tiwtilin (ccurut')
ay yessefken ad ilin deg yiselmaden ara yeslemden tutlayin-agi, imi aselmed n tutlayin tines'liyin s wudem
is'ehh'an ur yessefk ara ad yettunefk kan i menwala, yernu yessefk digh ghef unabad' ad yessgher iselmaden
imaynuten u ad asen-yeg ifadden, am wakken ara d-yessebded tims'ukyin (structures) ara d-yelhun d used'ru n tsertit-agi
(politique) u yessefk digh ghef unabad' ad d-yefk idrimen ara yettusqedcen i wakken ad ttwaxedmen akk lecghal-agi s wudem
is'ehh'an.
S umata, tagnit n tutlayin di Cameroun ur txulef ara tin n umur ameqran di tmura n wenz'ul (sud) n Ss'eh'ra : d timura
i deg llant at'as n tutlayin; tutlayt n unehras (colonisateur) aqbur d nettat ay d tutlayt tuns'ibt; anabad' (lh'ukuma)
terra tutlayin tines'liyin di rrif; mazal timura-yagi sâan assaghen (liens) idjehden akk d tmura ay tent-yeshersen (ay tent-yesteâmr'en)
zik-nni; yernu llan wuguren ger yegduden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden (yemxallafen) di tmura-ya.
Tasnutlayt tuns'ibt d uselmed asnutlay
Akken d-nenna sufella-yagi, tasnutlayt (bilinguisme) d nettat ay d tasertit (politique) tuns'ibt (officielle)
ay i ghef tebna Cameroun tasertit-is n tutlayin. Amagrad 1, tas'eddart 3 n tmend'awt (constitution) n 18 Yennayer 1996 yesban-d
mlih' aya : "Tutlayin tuns'ibin n Tegduda n Cameroun d taglizit d tefr'ensist, tutlayin-agi di snat sâant yiwen uz'ayer (statut).
Awanak (ddewla) yessefk ad yed'men asnerni n tesnutlayt di merr'a timiwa akk d yinurar merr'a n tmurt, am wakken yessefk
digh ad yeh'rez u ad yesnerni tutlayin tighelnawin." Xas ma yella timend'awin iâeddan n Cameroun, seg wasmi ay tewwi tmurt-agi
azarug, mmeslayent-d ghef tsertit tuns'ibt n tesnutlayt, ar ass-a, werâad ur tban ara tsertit-agi deg wennar. Xas ma yella
tamend'awt teqqar-d dakken tafr'ensist akk d teglizit sâant yiwen uz'ayer, meh'sub âedlent di Cameroun, d tafr'ensist
ay yernan taglizit deg yinurar n tedbelt (administration), aselmed d ttawilat n teywalt (communication). Yugh lh'al,
nezmer ad d-nini mebla akukru dakken tafr'ensist s yisem-is d tutlayt, d idles negh d tasertit, tedjhed deg wakk inurar
n tmurt. Tafr'ensist terna taglizit imi tamezwarut-agi ttmeslayen-tt u fehhmen-tt wat'as n medden, wid yessawalen tafr'ensist
si zik ay tt'fen imukan iâlayanen n unabad' (lh'ukuma) akk d tedbelt (administration) yernu Cameroun ur tesâi ara tasetit
n tutlayin ara id'emnen s tidet izerfan (lh'uquq) n tutlayin tidersanin (minoritaires). Nnig waya, tasertit tuns'ibt n
tesnutlayt tesnulfa-d bedd'u ger wid yettmeslayen taglizit d wid yettmeslayen tafr'ensist di Cameroun, yernu deg yiseggasen-agi
ineggura, nger tamawt dakken aya yezmer ad yessiwed' gher wuguren imeqranen ay izemren ad bd'un tamurt. Dgha, xas ma yella
tasertit n tesnutlayt tettwaxdem-d i wakken ad tesdukel tamurt, tasertit-agi tezmer daghen ad tili d ssebba n wuguren
negh n bedd'u n tmurt. Imi d tafr'ensist ay idjehden deg yinurar merr'a, ughalen wid yessawalen taglizit la tth'ulfun
i yiman-nsen ttwah'eqren, u la ttwalin dakken taglizit-nni-nsen d ssiman ay ten-yesduklen, msegman wagar-asen
u tth'ulfun dakken sâan tamagit (identité) ay ten-icerken. Wid yessawalen taglizit dima ttasmen ghef tmiwa i deg ttidiren
di Cameroun. Dgha, asmi ay d-ffghent ddiâayat deg yiseggasen n 90 dakken anabad' ad d-yesnulfu timnad'in (provinces)
timaynutin i yes ara yesdukel timnad'in yessawalen taglizit akk d temnad'in yessawalen tafr'ensist
ay ten-id-iqerben i wakken ad d-gent timnad'in tifulmanin (autonomes), imezdaghen n temnad'in yessawalen taglizit ugin aya
yernu nnughen i wakken ur d-yettili ara rr'ay-agi. Wid yessawalen taglizit walan dakken aya d aghawas (plan) ay
d-ihegga udabu i wakken ad yarez timiwa yessawalen taglizit gher tmiwa yessawalen tafr'ensist, dgha s waya, zemren
ad sr'uh'en tutlayt taglizit d yedles-nsen. Imi ay d-tewh'el Cameroun di tallit-nni di tegnit iweâr'en am tin, bdan yemd'ebbren
ikamruniyen la ttemcawar'en i wakken ad d-xedmen tamend'awt tamaynut, deg wayen umi semman "askasi ameqran" (grand débat).
Wid yessawalen taglizit, s umata, smenyafen ad teqqim tmurt n Cameroun dima s âecr'a temnad'in-yines, mebla ma beddlent
tlisa-nsent, u ma yella anabad' la yettxemmim ad yefk tafulmant (autonomie) i kra n temnad'in, wid yessawalen taglizit
smenyafen ad yefk kan tafulmant i wakk timnad'in n tmurt u ad yerr Cameroun d tamurt tafidir'alit.
I wakken ad tesnerni Cameroun tasertit n tesnutlayt (bilinguisme), tebda la tesselmad s snat tutlayin si 1961.
Yella yessefk ihi ghef tmurt ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin deg uselmed, ladgha deg weswir (niveau) n tesdawit. Cameroun tesâa
setta n tesdawiyin n uwanak (ddewla), r'ebâa deg-sent sseqdacent tafr'ensist d teglizit d tutlayin n uselmed. Di tesdawit
takamrunit, wid yessawalen tafr'ensist d wid yessawalen taglizit ttghimin idis s idis deg yimukan anda ay qqaren, lemmden
akken. Ma d aselmad yesseqdac tutlayt tuns'ibt ay yessen xir i wakken ad yesselmed timsirin-is (ddur'us) di lweqt i deg
inelmaden ttaddamen tinqid'in s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan, yernu asmi ara d-awd'en yikayaden (examens), zemren ad ten-sâeddin
s tutlayt ay sen-yehwan digh, ama s teglizit negh s tefr'ensist. D acu kan, aseqdec n snat tutlayin di tesdawit takamrunit
d ayen ay d-yeglan s wat'as n wuguren.
Tamenzut, amur ameqran di temsirin s tefr'ensist ay yettwaxdam, imi amur ameqran deg yiselmaden seg wid
yessawalen tafr'ensist, yernu inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ten-yeâdjib ara waya u tth'ulfun dakken la yettâeddi
meh'yaf fell-asen. Ghef leh'sab n tezrawin (études) ay iga Tambi (1973) d Njeck (1992), di tasdawit n Yaoundé,
80% si temsirin yettwaxdam s tefr'ensist di lweqt i deg ala kan 20% n temsirin ara yettwaxdamen s teglizit. D aya
ay yeddjan inelmaden yessawalen taglizit ur ferr'h'en ara s tsertit tuns'ibt n tesnutlayt di tmurt-nsen. Ugur nnid'en
ay d-yesnulfa uselmed asnutlay netta d tukci n tenqid'in deg yikayaden (examens), imi inelmaden yessawalen taglizit qqaren-d
dakken iselmaden ur d asen-ttaken ara tinqid'in yelhan. Di Cameroun, anelmad yezmer ad yesâeddi akayad-is ama s tefr'ensist
negh s teglizit, maca at'as seg wid yessawalen taglizit, mi ur rebbh'en ara di tezrawin-nsen, d iselmaden-nsen ay
ssed'lamen, u qqaren-d dakken iselmaden yessawalen tafr'ensist, imi ur z'wiren ara di teglizit, ur fehhmen ara akken
yessefk ayen d-uran yinelmaden-nsen yessawalen taglizit. Dgha aya d yiwet si ssebbat ay yeddjan ikamruniyen yessawalen
taglizit d wid yessawalen tafr'ensist ur ttemsefhamen ara yernu yal tarbaât tettcikki di tayed'. Ma d taluft tis tlata ay
d-tesnulfa tsertit-agi n tesnutlayt teqqen s aselmed n tutlayt tuns'ibt tis snat i yinelmaden. Yugh lh'al, i wakken
inelmaden ikamruniyen ad afen iman-nsen di tmurt-nsen u ad ilin wejden i wakken ad ghren akken yessefk, adabu yesselmad tafr'ensist
i yinelmaden yessawalen taglizit, am wakken yesselmad taglizit i yinelmaden yessawalen tafr'ensist. D acu kan, aselmed-agi
n uheggi ur yettwaxdem akken yessefk, adabu ur yefki ara ttawilat yessefken i waya, yernu inelmaden ur sâin ara lebghi idjehden
i wakken ad lemden tutlayt-nsen tuns'ibt tis snat. Anect-a maci d ayen ittgen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken ad nadin ghren
mlih'. Yessefk ghef Cameroun ad tesselhu aselmed n uheggi ay tteg i yinelmaden, am wakken ara teqdec i wakken ad tesselhu
aswir (niveau) n tmusni n yiselmaden di tutlayin tuns'ibin. Aya ad yeddj inelmaden ad sâun laman xir n zik deg yiselmaden-nsen,
yernu wid yessawalen taglizit ur tth'ulfun ara i yiman-nsen ttwah'eqren.
Yessefk digh ad d-nger tamawt dakken imi Cameroun tesâa snat tutlayin tuns'ibin, aya yeddja tamurt-agi ad
tesâu sin yinagrawen (systèmes) n uselmed yemgerraden, yernu ula d aya yesnulfa-d uguren yeh'wadjen tifratin. Deg unagraw
n uselmed afr'ensis, taglizit d tanga (matière) yettuh'ettmen ghef wakk inelmaden seg wasmi ara d-bdun almad alamma d asmi
ara faken almad-nsen alemmas. D acu kan, deg unagraw n uselmed aglizi, yessefk ghef akk inelmaden ad lemden
tafr'ensist seg useggas-nsen amenzu n welmad alamma d asmi ara awd'en s aswir n GCE. Dgha, anelmad yessawalen tafr'ensist
yernu yeghra s unagraw afr'ensist yewjed ad yelmed di tesdawit s tefr'ensist xir n unelmad yessawalen taglizit u
yeghra s unagraw aglizi. Nnig waya, tukci n tenqid'in temxallaf ger unagraw aglizi d unagraw afr'ensis, yernu anect-a
d ugur meqqren deg uselmed. Anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw aglizi yettextiri tamezzugt (spécialité) asmi ara yextir tinegwa
(matières) i deg yez'wer, yernu d tinegwa-nni kan ara yesâeddi asmi ara yesâeddi akayad n GCE (lbak), di lweqt i
deg anelmad yeqqaren s unagraw afr'ensis yettuh'ettem fell-as ad igher akk tinegwa yernu ur irebbeh' ara alamma yewwi-d
talemmast (moyenne) deg wakk tinegwa ay yeqqar. Nnig waya, deg wayen yerzan aselmed n tutlayin tiberr'aniyin, d anagraw n welmad
afr'ensis ay yifen anagraw n welmad aglizi. Deg unagraw afr'ensis, inelmaden yeqqaren deg ugherbaz alemmas lemmden taspenyulit
d talmanit, di lweqt i deg anagraw aglizi ur yesselmad ara i yinelmaden-is tutlayin-agi, dgha wid yessawalen tafr'ensist
ifen wid yessawalen taglizit di tmusni n tutlayin tiberr'aniyin, yernu aya yezmer ad yeddj inelmaden yeghran s teglizit ad
h'ulfun dakken ttwah'eqren. Yugh lh'al, xas ma yella Cameroun la tesselh'ay tamurt s tsertit n tesnutlayt, tamurt-a werâad
ur tesâi ara tasertit n useqâed n tutlayt ara tt-yeddjen ad tesseqdec snat tutlayin akken yessefk. Adabu ur a ixeddem
acemma i wakken ad iz'er ma yella ayen ixeddem ghef tutlayt yewwi-d kra n lfayda negh ala. Xas ma yella taglizit akk d tefr'ensist
simmal la irennu uzal-nsent di Cameroun u la ttughalent d tutlayin n wemsefham ger Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen at'as n tutlayin
yemgerraden, adabu ur a itteg acemma i wakken ad yesnerni snat-agi n tutlayin. Lemmer d lebghi, adabu yessefk ad
yeqdec ghef useqâed d usizegh n teglizit akk d tefr'ensist n Cameroun, d acu kan, ar ass-a mazal adabu yesxass'
ttawil i wanect-a. Tamurt ur tezmir ara ad tesnerni tutlayin-is tuns'ibin mebla ma tga aya.
Amkan n tutlayin tines'liyin
Di tmurt n Cameroun, adabu yesseqdac kan tutlayin tuns'ibin di lweqt i deg tutlayin tines'liyin ala d agdud
ay tent-yesseqdacen, citt'ah' kan deg-sent ay yettwarun, yernu ddrent kan deg yilsawen n medden ay tent-yesseqdacen wagar-asen
ama di tmurt negh deg yexxamen. Di temsalt-agi, Bitja'a Kody yenna-d : "tutlayin tighelnawin (tines'liyin) ddrent kan
deg yimawen n medden, la tent-sseqdacen kan sdaxel n twacult. Adabu ur yettnadi ara akk ad tent-yesseqdec ala
kan di lh'emlat n tefranin (lbut') anda kra ttmeslayen s tutlayin tighelnawin i wakken ad qennâen medden. Ula d yiwet si tutlayin
tighelnawin ur tettuseqdac di tedbelt (administration) negh di tghemsa (presse), wala deg udellel negh di tilibizyu taghelnawt,
wala deg yigherbazen n ddewla negh di lh'emlat n uselmed n tghuri ay ixeddem udabu."
Ass-a, tutlayin-agi atenti la teddunt i wakken ad negrent, ladgha di temdinin anda ay ughalen yelmez'yen la
sseqdacen ugar tutlayin tuns'ibin (officielles). Bitja'a Kody (2001) yenna-d dakken ghef leh'sab n yiwet n tezrawt (étude)
yettwaxedmen di temdint n Yaoundé, 32% seg yelmez'yen yesâan ger 10 d 17 yiseggasen di leâmer'-nsen ur ssinen ara ad ssiwlen
ula d yiwet si tutlayin tines'liyin n Cameroun. D tafr'ensist ay d tutlayt-nsen tawh'idt i yes ttemsefhamen akk d wiyad'.
Bitja'a Kody yenna-d dakken ilmez'yen yellan di lih'ala-yagi mazal ad rnun di ldjil ara d-iteddun, imi Ikamruniyen ur
nessin ara tutlayin tines'liyin n tmurt ur zemmren ara ad slemden tutlayin-agi i yigerdan-nsen. Yugh lh'al, d Ikamruniyen
s timmad-nsen ara ineqqen tutlayin-nsen tines'liyin.
Di lweqt i deg timend'awin (constitutions) tiqdimin n Cameroun (1961, 1972, 1984) ur d-nnint acemma ghef tutlayin
tines'liyin n Cameroun, tin n 1996 tefka azal i wesnerni-nsent, yernu aya d abeddel ameqran deg wennar n tsertit n tutlayin
di Cameroun. Nnig waya, awanak (ddewla) itteg ifadden i medden (usligen - privés) i wakken ad qedcen i lmend n wesnerni n
tutlayin tines'liyin. Ghef waya, tirebbaâ tusligin (privées) gant isenfaren (projets) n uneârud' n uselmed akk d unadi ghef
tutlayin tines'liyin yernu adabu, xas ma yella ur a d-yettak ara afus n lemâawna, yeqbel iqeddicen-agi s tsusmi. Iqeddicen
ay xeddment trebbaâ am SIL-Cameroon, CABTAL akk d NACALCO d ayen igerrzen iteddun deg webrid yelhan : tirebbaâ-agi la qeddcent
i wakken ad ssizghent (standardiser) tutlayin tines'liyin u ad tent-slemden, am wakken ara ttgent leqdicat n unadi fell-asent
u qeddcent i wakken ad tent-ttmeslayen medden yernu ur neggrent ara. D acu kan, nesh'issif imi tutlayin tines'liyin mazal-itent
ghabent deg ugherbaz n uwanak (ddewla), xas ma yella, ghef leh'sab n wakken ay d-yeqqar Chumbow (1996), "aseqdec n tutlayin
tiyemmatin seg yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed yetturar ddur' meqqren deg wesnerni n th'er'ci n wegrud".
Xas ma yella kra n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw n Ss'eh'ra sseqdacent tutlayin tines'liyin deg uselmed di tlata
yiseggasen imezwura n uselmed, Cameroun tesseqdac tutlayin-is tuns'ibin (tafr'ensist d teglizit) deg wakk iswiren (niveaux)
n welmad, seg wasmi ara d-bdun warrac almad-nsen alamma d asmi ara awd'en gher tesdawit. D aya ay yeddjan medden ad h'emmlen tutlayin
tuns'ibin u ad sâunt azal ghur-sen di lweqt i deg h'eqren tutlayin tines'liyin n tmurt-nsen. Maca tah'eqranit-agi n tutlayin
tines'liyin maci ala di Cameroun ay yella, yernu Adegbija (2000) yeqqar-d : "Yugh lh'al, deg wat'as n tmura ay yellan zik
d tihersin (colonies) n Fr'ansa d Portugal, tutlayin tines'liyin ur ttwaqbalent, ur ttuselmadent deg ugherbaz ula deg
yiseggasen imezwura n welmad. Imi timura-yagi d tigellilin taswiât-a, ur bghint ara ad gent ussisen (lmedjhudat)
i wakken ad beddent i tutlayin-nsent tines'liyin, nnig waya, imawlan ttnadin i wakken igerdan-nsen ad lemden
tutlayin tur'ufiyin (européennes) ghef zik lh'al. Ttejr'iba tesban-d dakken amur ameqran deg yimawlan di Cameroun ur qbilen
ara ad lemden yigerdan-nasen tutlayin tines'liyin deg ugherbaz. At'as n yimawlan ay yettaznen igerdan-nsen gher walmaten
n yigerdan (jardins d'enfants) akken kan ara awd'en tlata yiseggasen i wakken ad lemden taglizit negh tafr'ensist.
D ayen ibanen dakken imawlan ara yefken arraw-nsen i wakken ad lemden tutlayt tuns'ibt ur begghun ara ad lemden
warraw-nsen tutlayin tines'liyin asmi ara kecmen s agherbaz. Dgha, tagnit-agi maci d nettat ara iâiwnen tutlayin tines'liyin
ad kecment s agherbaz akamruni. Almaten n yigerdan sseqdacen tarrayin (méthodes) n uselmed tibrit'aniyin, timarikaniyin
negh tifr'ensisin. D tikli-yagi ay yeddjan timura n Tefriqt tagherbit ay testeâmer' Fr'ansa zik-nni, ad qqiment dima
qqnent idles-nsen gher Fr'ansa, yernu d aya ay d-yezgan d unjug (obstacle) i wakken ur ttnernint ara tutlayin tines'liyin
di tmura-nsent.
D acu kan, xas ma yella tebgha Cameroun ad tessekcem tutlayin tines'liyin s agherbaz, taswiât-a, ur tezmir
ara ad teg aya, acku ames'ruf (budget) ay yefka udabu n tmurt-a i uselmed mect'uh mlih', yernu ur yettaddja ara agrud akamruni ad
yesâu ula cwit' seg wayen yeh'wadj d ttawil i wakken ad yelmed, nnig waya, lexs'as' n yedrimen yesxass' ula d tasnarrayt
(méthodologie) n uselmed akk d usekcem n yiselmaden imaynuten. Seg wakken xuss'en yedrimen di Cameroun alamma ay yeqqim unabad'
(lh'ukuma) âecr'a yiseggasen ur yezmir ara ad d-yessekcem iselmaden imaynuten s agherbaz amenzu (primaire), yernu alamma ay
d melmi kan ay tekfa taluft-agi. Dgha, di tallit-nni, at'as n tneghra (classes) ay yeqqimen mebla aselmad yernu amur ameqran
deg yigerdan ur ghrin ara at'as negh ur ufin ara win ara ten-yesseghren. Ma yella tadamsa (économie) n tmurt ur tezmir ara
i ugherbaz, amek ay ara tezmer i usekcem n tutlayin tines'liyin s agherbaz amenzu ? Yugh lh'al, asekcem n tutlayin
s tines'liyin s agherbaz maci d awezghi negh d ayen iweâr'en at'as ghef udabu akamruni, maca
ugur atan deg wanect ara d-yesqam waya, ladgha ma nez'ra dakken at'as seg yiselmaden n yigherbazen ikamruniyen la
ttuxellas'en s yedrimen n lemâawna n Tbanka Tamad'lant (Banque Mondiale). Imi adabu la yesseqac kan taglizit akk d tefr'ensist
deg uselmed, yernu yettmeslay d wegdud ala s tutlayin-agi, at'as n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin tines'liyin qqimen
di rrif, ur zmiren ara ad ttekkin negh ad d-inin rr'ay-nsen di temsal yesâan azal di tmurt-nsen, yernu s waya, ur
ttazmaren ara ad ttekkin deg wesnerni n tmurt-nsen. At'as deg-sen ur z'rin d acu yellan di tmend'awt (constitution) wala
deg usad'uf (lqanun) n uâaqeb n tmurt-nsen d yisud'af ay yesselh'ayen tudert-nsen. Dgha, aselh'u n lumur' n uwanak
(ddewla) d ayen yellan ger yifassen kan n tedghert (élite), yernu xas ma yella adabu yessefra ad yesselmed taghuri
i yimeqranen, ar ass-a werâad ur yebdi ara aya. Yugh lh'al, Tadadjeu (1975) yenna-d dakken lemmer adabu ad yesselh'u
tamurt s tlata tutlayin, taglizit, tafr'ensist d tutlayin tines'liyin, ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad ttwalemdent deg ugherbaz
u ad ttusqedcent deg yinurar merr'a, aya yezmer ad d-yawi abaghur (lfayda) meqqren i Yikamruniyen. Ma d nekni si tama-nnegh,
nettwali dakken yelha lemmer tutlayin-agi tines'liyin ad tent-skecmen deg s agherbaz amenzu : tabasaat (basaa),
tabulut (bulu), tewondot (ewondo), tadualat (duala), tafe'fe't (fe'fe'), tafulfuldet (fulfulde), tamungakat (mungaka) akk
d tpidgint n teglizit. Tabasaat ad tt-sqedcen wid ay tt-yessawalen di tama n yiri n lebh'er' n Cameroun akk d temnad'in (provinces)
n tlemmast n tmurt; tabulut akk d tewondot ad tent-sqedcen di tlemmast, deg wenz'ul (sud) akk d temnad'in ticerqiyin; tadualat
ad tt-sqedcen wid Yedualaten akk d kra n yegduden n terbaât tasawat (sawa) am Yibakweriyen (Bakweri) akk d
Yibakossiyen (Bakossi) di temnad'in n wenz'ul agherbi, d Yemboten (Mbo) yettidiren di temnad't n Yiri n Lebh'er'; tafe'fe't ad
tt-sqedcen di temnad't tagherbit; tafulfuldet ad tt-sqedcen di tlata-nni n temnad'in n ugafa; tamungakat ad tt-sqedcen deg
Temnad't n Ugafa Agherbi u di tgara, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ad tt-sqedcen di temnad'in anda ay ttmeslayen taglizit.
Askasi ghef tutlayt taghelnawt
Seg wasmi ay tewwi Cameroun azarug-is (indépendance), afran n tutlayt taghelnawt (tutlayt negh tutlayin tines'liyin
i yes ara sselh'un tamurt) yella-yas d ugur. Xas ma yella adabu yefren ad yewwet nneh' ghef temsalt-agi imi ay yugad lemmer
ad yefren kra n tutlayt/tutlayin, u ad yeddj tiyad', aya ad d-yexleq uguren ger yegduden yemgerraden n Cameroun
yernu ad ihudd tadukli n tmurt, kra n waggagen (intellectuels) imeqranen, imuzzag (spécialistes) n uselmed d yimesnilsiyen
(linguistes) lhan-d mlih' akk d temsalt-agi yernu nudan ad as-d-afen tifrat. Ngijol (1964) yessumer-d (proposer) ad tesâu
tmurt n Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taghelnawt i lmend n teywalt, n uselmed n tghuri akk d uselmed deg ugherbaz
d wesnerni n tmagit (idendité) tadelsant n tmurt. Ma d Ba Njock (1966), si tama-s, yessumer-d dakken adabu
ad yebd'u tamurt d timiwa ghef leh'sab n tutlayin, yal yiwet ad tesâu tutlayt-is i yiman-is. Xas ma yella takti-yagi (lfekra) telha,
tifrat am ta tezmer ad d-tesnulfu uguren di kra n tmiwa anda ur tban ara d acu-tt tutlayt ay yettuseqdacen deg-sen s
wat'as. Ahat, Ba Njock akk d wid yeddan d tmughli-s mmeslayen-d ghef takti-yagi imi ay walan dakken deg yiseggasen
n settin, yebda udabu la yesselmad setta si tutlayin tines'liyin n tmurt di tesdawit tafidir'alit, d acu kan, adabu akamruni yeh'bes
aselmed-agi imi ay yugad lemmer ad d-net'qen Yikamruniyen yettmeslayen tutlayin nnid'en u ad d-ssutren ad tent-sselmaden
ula d nitenti. Nnig waya, i wakken ad yefru udabu tamsalt n wanta ay d tutlayt yifen tayed', imd'ebbren nnan-d tutlayin tines'liyin
merr'a n Cameroun d "tutlayin tighelnawin", âedlent akk yernu ulac amgerrad (lxilaf) gar-asent. Di temlilit n Useqqamu
Aghelnaw n Temsal Tidelsanin ay d-yellan di Yaoundé seg 18 gher 22 Dujember' 1974, yeâzem udabu ad asent-yessawal i tutlayin
tines'liyin "tutlayin tighelnawin". D acu kan, di lweqt i deg anabad' (lh'ukuma) yella yeh'wadj ad yesâu tabghest (lkur'aj)
i wakken ad yefren anti ay d tutlayin tighelnawin i yes ara yesselh'u tamurt, netta yessanef i temsalt-a, u yefren ad
yeâdel ger wakk tutlayin mebla ma yefra ugur. Maca xas ma yella adabu ur yessawed' ara ad yefru aya, llant
di Cameroun âecr'a n rr'adyuwat taz'iyanin (régionales), yal tamnad't tesâa tin-is, yernu ttwaxedment-d i wakken ad ttmeslayen
s tutlayin ay ttmeslayen at'as di temnad'in-nsent. Lweqt ay tettak yal rr'adyu i tutlayt-is tanes'lit yemxallaf si temnad't
gher tayed'. Di temnad't n Ugafa Ubâid (Extrême-Nord), rr'adyu n temnad't tettak 27.36% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tines'liyin,
ma d tamnad't n Ugafa Agherbi, rr'adyu-yines yellan di Bamenda tettak kan 4,17% si lweqt-is i tutlayin tines'liyin. Yugh
lh'al, yella wemgerrad d ameqran di lweqt ay tettak yal rr'adyu i tutlayin tines'liyin, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken
yal rr'adyu d nettat ay yettd'ebbiren deg wanect ara tefk d lweqt i tutlayin-agi. Amur ameqran di teywalt (communication)
yettwaxdam s teglizit d tefr'ensist, ama di rr'adyu negh di tilibizyu n Cameroun, yernu aya yesskan-d dakken amur ameqran
seg yimezdaghen n Cameroun rran-ten di rrif imi ur sen-ttmeslayen ara s tutlayin-nsen, di lweqt i deg Ikamruniyen-agi, lemmer
ad asen-mmeslayen s tutlayin ay fehhmen, zemren ad nefâen tamurt-nsen ugar.
Ula d Todd (1983) tettwali dakken yelha lemmer ad tefren Cameroun yiwet kan n tutlayt taghelnawt. Ghef
leh'sab-is nettat, tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad turar ddur' n tutlayt taghelnawt mebla uguren imi tutlayt-a tesâa
tams'uka (structure) iqerben gher tin n tutlayin tines'liyin, yernu d nettat kan ay d tutlayt tawh'idt di Cameroun ur
nesâi ara agdud negh taqbilt ay tt-yettmeslayen d tutlayt-is tanes'lit, ur tesâi tama ibanen anda ay tt-ttmeslayen wala
ddyana yeqqnen ghur-s, am wakken ur telli ara d tutlayt ay d-ih'ettem kra n unabad' (lh'ukuma) n yinehrasen (colonisateurs).
S waya, wid yett'fen talemmast ttwalin dakken tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d tutlayt ay izemren ad tesdukel mlih' Ikamruniyen
imi "ur telli d tutlayt n yiwen".
Llan wid ur neddi ara rr'ay-agi, qqaren-d dakken tapidgint teqreb gher teglizit yernu amur ameqran di
tmawalt-is (léxique) d awalen ay d-yekkan si teglizit.D acu kan, imi tutlayt-agi ttmeslayen-tt u ttemsefhamen yis-s wat'as
n medden yettmeslayen tutlayin yemgerraden, yelha ma yella tettuseqdec d tutlayt n uselmed, u teqqar-d Todd (1983) dakken
"lemmer ad tughal tpidgintd tutlayt n uselmed, aya ur d-yesqamay ara at'as i unabad' (lh'ukuma) akamruni. Tutlayt-agi fehhmen-tt
wat'as n medden deg wat'as n tmiwa n tmurt, yernu ttemsefhamen yis-s Yikamruniyen ula akk d yinaragen-nsen (ldjiran) ifriqiyen,
yernu xas ma yella qlil kan anda ay tettili tutlayt-agi d tutlayt tayemmat n wegrud, tikwal, llan at'as n yigerdan
n Cameroun ay s-isellen i tutlayt-a tettuseqdac seg wasmi ara ilin d imect'ah'. At'as aya seg wasmi ara tetturar
tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun ddur' n usiwed' n yedles akamruni, yernu tezmer ad tettuseqdec mebla uguren deg wemni (parlement)
negh di lemcawr'at n tedrimt".
Imi ay tettwah'seb tpidgint n teglizit n Cameroun d yiwet si tutlayin n tmurt-a, tezmer ad turar ddur' n tutlayt
taghelnawt mebla uguren. Nnig waya, aseqâed d usizegh-yines (standardisation) ur s-d-yesqamay ara akk at'as i udabu imi ay
yella yagi wayen yuran s tutlayt-a. Maca xas ma yella tapidgint n teglizit n Cameroun tezmer ad d-awi ibughar (lfaydat) imeqranen
i tmurt, adadu, taswiât-a, mazal yegguma ad yeg ifadden i wakken ad tettuseqdec.
Tagrayt :
Xas ma yella tasertit (politique) n Cameroun terked u tezmer tmurt ad d-telhu d wuguren n tutlayt, yettban-agh-d
dakken aya maci si temsal timeqranin ay iceghben adabu. Yugh lh'al, Cameroun, am wat'as n tmura n Tefriqt n ddaw
n Ss'eh'ra, ur tettwali ara dakken timsal n tutlayt zwarent. Dgha, skud ulac uguren akk d tsertit n tutlayt i yes
la tlehh'u tmurt ass-a, fih'el ma yexdem udabu acemma nnid'en i wakken ad yefru uguren ay d-mazal âellqen. Xas ma yella
imesnilsiyen (linguistes) d yimassanen ay d-yerran lwelha-nsen gher temsalt n tutlayin tines'liyin la d-ttmeslayen
u la d-ssumuren (proposer) iberdan ara yefrun ugur-agi, adabu akamruni yettban-agh-d dakken yefr'eh' s tegnit i
deg tella tmurt ass-a deg wennar n tutlayin. Yugh lh'al, ayen ara ixeddem udabu, la t-ixeddem kan i teswiât mebla
ma iwala gher lbeâd.
I wakken ad teg Cameroun tasetit n tutlayt yelhan, yessefk fell-as ad tesselmed igerdan s tutlayt-nsen tayemmat deg
yiseggasen-nsen imezwura n welmad, sakkin, ad asen-tesselmed tutlayin tuns'ibin (officielles - taglizit akk d tefr'ensist).
Maca, i wakken ad terbeh' tsertit-agi, yessefk ad tettwaxdem ghef leh'sab n ttawil yellan, u cwit', cwit' kan, ladgha
di tmiwa n tmurt, berr'a i temdinin, anda igerdan ssnen kan tutlayin-nsen tines'liyin. Dgha, tutlayin tines'liyin n yal tama
ad ttusqedcent i uselmed u tent-snernin deg yeswiren (niveaux) yemgerraden. Yernu, mi ara tennerni kra
n tutlayt, tezmer ad tughal d nettat ay d tutlayt n uselmed n temnad't merr'a. Anabad' (lh'ukuma), iseqquma az'iyanen
(régionaux), yiseqquma n tutlayt d yemdanen iqeddcen ghef tutlayt yessefk ad gen ifadden i yinelmaden i wakken maci
ala d taglizit d tefr'ensist wanag ula d tutlayin tines'liyin, yernu yessefk ad yettwaxdem waya deg wakk timiwa n tmurt.
Maca taswiât-a, tamsalt n tutlayt mazal werâad tefri di tmurt n Cameroun anda amur ameqran seg yimezdaghen
"ur neghri ara" ttwaâezlen imi ur ssinen tafr'ensist wala taglizit. Nnig waya, imi igerdan ur a lemmden ara s tutlayt-nsen
tayemmat, at'as n yigerdan ur a nrebbeh' ara di tezrawin-nsen (leqraya), acku seââun uguren akk d teglizit
d tefr'ensist, u di tgara, xas ma yella adabu yebgha ad yesselh'u tamurt s snat tutlayin tuns'ibin u yebgha
ad yeâdel gar-asent, ur yessawed' ara, yernu yessefk ad yefru uguren yerzan aya imi ay yella wemgerrad (conflit)
ger wid yessawalen tafr'ensist d wid yessawalen taglizit, yernu aya yezmer ad yessiwed' gher bedd'u n tmurt. Ghef waya, yessefk
ghef Cameroun ad tâawed tamughli deg tikli ay d-tewwi di tsertit-is n tutlayin u ad teg ayen yessefken s
tidet i wakken ad ten-tefru.
Idlisen :
Chumbow, Sammy Beban (1996): "The Role of National Languages within a Comprehensive Language Policy for Cameroon". Academic
Discourse presented at the University of Buea.
Ngijol, Pierre (1964): "Nécessité d'une langue nationale". ABBIA No. 7: 83-99.
Njeck, Alice Forsab (1992): Official Bilingualism in the University of Yaounde : Some Educational and Social Issues. Mémoire
de Maîtrise, Université de Yaoundé.
Tadadjeu, Maurice (1975): "Language Planning in Cameroon: Towards a Trilingual Education System". In: Herbert, Robert K.
(ed.): Patterns in Language, Culture and Society: Sub-Saharan Africa. Colombus, Ohio: 53-75. (= Working Papers in Linguistics
19).
Tambi, Jot (1973): Received Language Bilingualism in Cameroon: A Study of Functions and Attitudes. Mémoire du DES, Université
de Yaoundé.
Todd, Loreto (1983): "Language Options for Education in a Multilingual Society: Cameroon". In: Kennedy, Chris (ed): Language
Planning and Language Education. London: 160-171.
Yettwakkes-d umagrad-agi si Linguistik online 18, 1/04
http://www.linguistik-online.de/18_04/echu.html
Tasuqilt sghur Omar Mouffok
Ghret daghen :
Win yeslan ad yini i wiyad'
Arut-agh-d, gret-d tamawin-nwen, neqqar lâeslama i s kra n tebrat ara d agh-d-yawd'en sghur-wen.
Tiddukla Tadelsant Imedyazen
BP 129, Poste Didouche Mourad
16006, Alger, Algérie
<<< Qqel γer Ụṭ̣̣ṭ̣un 15
Ddu γer Ụṭ̣̣ṭ̣un
17 >>>
Akk uṭṭunen
Qqel γer usebter n umager
|
